“…-aF r (8) w h e r e j = 1,2 when i = 1, a n d j = 3,4 when i = 2; the dot indicates differentiation with respect to time variable t; m w is the mass of wheel-set; m B is the mass of bogie; I Wx , I Wy and I Wz are the roll, spin and yaw moment-of-inertia of the wheel-set, respectively; Vis the forward speed of the vehicle; r 0 is the nominal rolling radius of the wheel-set; C px , C py , and Cpzare the longitudinal, lateral and vertical damping of the primary suspension; C ry is the lateral rail damping; C rz is the vertical rail damping; m B is the mass of bogie; λ is the conicity of wheel; K v is the lateral rail stiffness; K rz is the vertical rail stiffness; K px , K m and K pz are the longitudinal, lateral and vertical stiffness of the primary suspension; l B1 is the half distance between two wheel-set centers; h B1 is the vertical distance from the center of the bogie to the primary suspension; d m is the half primary suspension space; d w 1is the other half of primary suspension space; a is one half of the track gauge; F r is the flange contact force;f11,f12,f22 andf 3 …”