A survey of the availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines in Jiangsu Province, China

Xi, Xiaoyu; Li, Weixia; Li, Jun; Zhu, Xuan; Fu, Cong; Xu, Wei; Chu, Shao‐I

doi:10.1186/s12913-015-1008-8

Cited by 41 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Similar results were reported in other parts of China, including Shandong, Gansu, Hubei, and Shannxi, with availability of 25%, 33%, 38.9%, and 26.5%, respectively . Conversely, a study conducted in Jangsu province (one of the provinces with the highest economic level in China) showed high availability of EMs (LPG) at public primary hospitals . There are several possible reasons for this.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

“…14,21,22 Conversely, a study conducted in Jangsu province (one of the provinces with the highest economic level in China) showed high availability of EMs (LPG) at public primary hospitals. 23 There are several possible reasons for this. First, during the province-wide centralized bidding for EMs, some manufacturers find themselves in vicious competition with each other, causing the bid price to be lower than the cost price.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prices, availability, and affordability of national essential medicines in public primary hospitals: A cross‐sectional survey in poverty‐stricken rural areas in China

et al. 2019

Health Planning & Management

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Summary Introduction This study aimed to determine the prices, availability, and affordability of national essential medicines in public primary hospitals in poverty‐stricken areas of Anhui province, China. Methods A cross‐sectional study was conducted in 143 public primary hospitals in Anhui province, eastern China. Data on access to 44 essential medicines was evaluated using the standardized methodology available in the World Health Organization and Health Action International manual. Results Median price rates show that 46.51% (21 of 44) of the lowest price generics and 100% of the originator brands were more expensive than the international reference price. The median availability of the 44 medicines was 31.47%, and 65.91% (29 of 44) of the medicines had less than 50% availability. The majority of the medicines were affordable as they would cost less than a day's income in sample areas. Suppliers could respond to 88.27% of the procuring orders raised by the 143 hospitals in the study, but this ranged from 43.96% to 99.86%. Conclusions There is poor availability and non‐ideal response rate of medicine delivery in public primary hospitals in poverty‐stricken areas in eastern China. Further implementation of national essential medicine policy needs to focus on improving both availability and distribution efficiency in these areas.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 73%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prices, availability, and affordability of national essential medicines in public primary hospitals: A cross‐sectional survey in poverty‐stricken rural areas in China

et al. 2019

Health Planning & Management

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“…However, providers' accounts suggested that financial considerations in different healthcare institutions were not in line with the policies' focus, with evidence that making profits from antibiotic prescriptions was still regarded as a factor related to the use of antibiotics in CHIs. These findings are similar to studies undertaken in various provinces in China, which noted that the EDL and ZMU policies had no effect on the inappropriate use of antibiotics among primary care institutions [52][53][54], even in the period after the introduction of 2011 reform [51,55,56].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 78%

“…However, only a few participants pointed to the influence of finance-related policies (the EDL and ZMU policies), even though this set of policies is one of five priorities of 2009 reform [33]. Moreover, a key aim of this set of policies is to reduce financial incentives from prescribing unnecessary drugs at primary care level, with the expectation that the policies will be implemented in other healthcare institutions, such as tertiary hospitals [49,51]. However, providers' accounts suggested that financial considerations in different healthcare institutions were not in line with the policies' focus, with evidence that making profits from antibiotic prescriptions was still regarded as a factor related to the use of antibiotics in CHIs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Healthcare Providers’ Accounts of Influences of Antibiotic-Related Reforms on their Behavior with Respect to the Use of Antibiotics for Children: A Qualitative Study in China

Zhang¹,

Graham²,

White³

2018

PHOA

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Purpose: High and inappropriate pediatric use of antibiotics by healthcare providers is a key driver of antibiotic resistance in China. The Chinese government initiated a programme of antibiotic-related reforms in 2011 after a wider healthcare reform in 2009. However, very few studies shed light on the influence of these reforms on providers' antibiotic-related behavior; only one qualitative study of providers' perspectives and experiences has been undertaken. Therefore, our qualitative study aims to explore the influence of the 2009 and 2011 reforms on providers' pediatric antibiotic use.Methods: Qualitative interviews were conducted with 26 providers in Taiyuan city, a typical Chinese city in central China in 2016. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, translated from Chinese to English, and analyzed using framework analysis. Results:Healthcare providers described how their behavior was influenced by the availability of diagnostic testing. They also pointed to financial considerations and pressures, as well as other healthcare institutions within China's healthcare system that influence their antibiotic-related behavior. Conclusions:As far as we are aware, this is the first city-based qualitative study in China providing evidence of the influences of the 2009 and 2011 reforms on providers' antibiotic-related behavior. It points to issues around the enforcement of antibiotic-related reforms in community health institutions and retail pharmacies, and highlights the importance of understanding the reforms' influences on provider behavior within China's healthcare system as a whole.

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“…3 There are few studies aimed at evaluation of access to essential medicines in Primary Health Care (PHC) in Brazil 2 and in other countries such as Saudi Arabia 4 and China. 5 Those surveys evaluated the availability dimension with data collected invisits to facilities without an analysis of yearly availability and accessibility. The present study was aimed at evaluating yearly availability and accessibility to medicines in PHC in Northeast Health District of Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Availability and Accessibility to Medicines in Primary Health Care in a Brazilian Region

Dutra¹,

Martins²,

Lima³

2016

JYP

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Objective: The aim with the present study was to evaluate availability and accessibility to medicines in Primary Health Care in Northeast Health District, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Method: It was an epidemiological, descriptive and cross-sectional study, conducted in the central warehouse and in twenty Primary Health Care units. The data was collected through direct observation, in information systems and in a survey with patients. Indicators proposed by World Health Organization were used to analyze the availability and accessibility. Results: The average availability of essential medicines from a key list in stock observed in visits in Primary Health Care units was 98,3 ± 3,7% and in the past 12 months was 42,5 ± 13,6%. One thousand and three hundred eighty-three medicines were prescribed to patients and 1066 (77,1%) of them were actually dispensed. An association of the presence of medicine in Essential Medicine List with dispensing of medicine was observed (p=0,00). It was observed that 93,2% of patients spent until 30 min in the way from their residence to Primary Health Care unit. Conclusion:The conditions of availability of medicines in stock in visits and the accessibility to services in PHC were satisfactory; however, limitations were observed in yearly availability of medicines and in the attendance of patient`s needs for prescribed medicines. Actions are recommended to improve availability of medicines such as the adoption of the Essential Medicine List.

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A survey of the availability, prices and affordability of essential medicines in Jiangsu Province, China

Cited by 41 publications

References 7 publications

Prices, availability, and affordability of national essential medicines in public primary hospitals: A cross‐sectional survey in poverty‐stricken rural areas in China

Prices, availability, and affordability of national essential medicines in public primary hospitals: A cross‐sectional survey in poverty‐stricken rural areas in China

Healthcare Providers’ Accounts of Influences of Antibiotic-Related Reforms on their Behavior with Respect to the Use of Antibiotics for Children: A Qualitative Study in China

Availability and Accessibility to Medicines in Primary Health Care in a Brazilian Region

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