A Survey of the Challenges, Opportunities and Use of Multiple Antennas in Current and Future 5G Small Cell Base Stations

Muirhead, David; Imran, Muhammad Ali; Arshad, Kamran

doi:10.1109/access.2016.2569483

Cited by 146 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The first is the deployment of small-cells that targets to enhance spectral efficiency [1]- [2], whereas the other is adopting mmwave bands as the primal radio solution since they provide enormous bandwidth [3]- [4]. However, the above inevitably lead to the installation of large amounts of active equipment (Base Stations (BSs)/Access Points (APs)), a fact that reduces the network's efficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium Transparent MAC access schemes for seamless packetized fronthaul in mm-wave 5G picocellular networks

Kalfas

Vardakas

Alonso

et al. 2017

2017 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)

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Telecom operators are racing towards upgrading their facilities and broadband services in order to meet the highly challenging 5G operational framework in dense urban landscapes. The oversubscribed sub-6 GHz wireless band is lacking the necessary bandwidth to support the envisioned 5G data rates, suggesting the transition to mm-wave bands as the only viable scenario. In conjunction with the cell densification that is required to achieve the desired frequency reuse factor, it becomes obvious that the current CPRI-based fronthaul cannot cope with massive multi-Gbps traffic streams and a paradigm shift in resource allocation and network intelligence is necessary. To this end we propose the Medium Transparent MAC protocols as the solution towards forming and managing a converged mm-wave FiWi fronthaul infrastructure. Our approach allows for directly negotiating wavelength, frequency and time resources between the centralized unit and the wireless terminals, while offering fast on-demand link formation following closely the demand fluctuation at the picocell level. In this paper we investigate the functional and physical consolidation as well as the respective performance of MT-MAC-enabled fronthaul and report on its application and suitability for mm-wave 5G access networks. Keywords: radio-over-fiber (RoF), optical-wireless, passive-optical-networks (PON), SCM, 60 GHz. INTRODUCTIONNext generation wireless access networks are gradually adopting two reform roadmaps. The first is the deployment of small-cells that targets to enhance spectral efficiency [1]- [2], whereas the other is adopting mmwave bands as the primal radio solution since they provide enormous bandwidth[3]- [4]. However, the above inevitably lead to the installation of large amounts of active equipment (Base Stations (BSs)/Access Points (APs)), a fact that reduces the network's efficiency. RoF has been proposed as an ideal solution to the above problem, since it offers several advantages such as low-cost, functionally simple and energy efficient Remote Antenna Units (RAUs), transparency regarding modulation and central control thus providing optimal resource management that traverses the entire network [5]. Even though Layer-1 functionality has been researched extensively, Layer 2 MAC RoF protocols remain an unresolved research topic. Until recently, resource management for converged Fiber-Wireless schemes was based on two approaches [6]: i) the use of different and distinct wireless and wired protocols that interface at the router ) or ii) the direct implementation of pre-existing pure wireless MAC protocols (such as the 802.11) directly on top of RoF architectures [8]. R&F architectures however split the control algorithms in two, create two separate and hidden network portions and ultimately go against the intertwined RoF structure, disrupt the centralized control and demand a series of active APs. Regarding the second solution, all wireless MAC protocols do not consider and are unaware of the underlying optical components and therefore dep...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medium Transparent MAC access schemes for seamless packetized fronthaul in mm-wave 5G picocellular networks

Kalfas

Vardakas

Alonso

et al. 2017

2017 19th International Conference on Transparent Optical Networks (ICTON)

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show abstract

“…As small cell base station is seen as one of the core techniques in the emergence of the next generation (5G) communication system, the output power of the RF PAs will be much smaller than that in the conventional high power base station as well as the DPD modules, so that the DPD suitable for the 5G system must have the characteristic of low energy consumption. To reduce the power consumption, many simplified DPD models with fewer coefficients were proposed by removing some redundant terms .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One-bit in-phase observation for direct learning-based digital predistortion with modified frequency-domain delay estimation and alignment

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2017

Int J RF Microw Comput Aided Eng

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This article proposes a novel digital predistortion (DPD) implementation method for RF power amplifiers. The new approach adopts only one 1‐bit comparator in the feedback path to observe the in‐phase (I) or the quadrature (Q) component of the error signal between the input and the output signals. To this end, the theoretical derivation of the in‐phase observation based on direct learning architecture (DLA) DPD is first given in this article, by combining the existing 1‐bit method and the low‐cost in‐phase observation. To facilitate the delay estimation and alignment, a modified iterative frequency‐domain delay estimation is presented, which only acquires either I or Q components of the output signal to achieve satisfied delay estimation. Experimental results show that the proposed DPD method decreased the normalized mean square error (NMSE) and the adjacent channel power ratio (ACPR) to less than −42 and −51 dB, respectively, which indicates that the proposed DPD system can achieve comparable performance as the existing DPD identification techniques with lower implementation complexity.

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“…Given the overall structure of DPD model, the straightforward strategy in Fig. 2 was deployed for DVR, while SD-DVR used the simplified structure (14), shown in Fig. 4, to save hardware resources.…”

Section: B Comparisons Of Dpd Performancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is because that, as operating bandwidths of wireless systems continue to increase, the nonlinear behavior of the PAs becomes more complicated, which leads that more complex DPD models are required to maintain the linearity and thus more complex numerical operations are needed that can increase the cost and power consumption. More importantly, in future networks, more and more small-cell base stations will be deployed [13], [14]. In these small cells, the output power of the PA becomes much lower and thus the relative power budget assigned for DPD must be much lower too.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Modified Decomposed Vector Rotation-Based Behavioral Model With Efficient Hardware Implementation for Digital Predistortion of RF Power Amplifiers

Cao

Zhu

2017

IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Techn.

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A Survey of the Challenges, Opportunities and Use of Multiple Antennas in Current and Future 5G Small Cell Base Stations

Cited by 146 publications

References 46 publications

Medium Transparent MAC access schemes for seamless packetized fronthaul in mm-wave 5G picocellular networks

Medium Transparent MAC access schemes for seamless packetized fronthaul in mm-wave 5G picocellular networks

One-bit in-phase observation for direct learning-based digital predistortion with modified frequency-domain delay estimation and alignment

A Modified Decomposed Vector Rotation-Based Behavioral Model With Efficient Hardware Implementation for Digital Predistortion of RF Power Amplifiers

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