A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa: And the Former Racial and Tribal Migrations in That Continent.

Johnston, H. H.

doi:10.2307/2843542

Cited by 57 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…The dispersion of goats among Cameroon, east Africa, and southern Africa countries (as supported by the shared haplotypes among goats from Cameroon and eastern and southern Africa countries) could be associated with the movement of the Bantu speaking population. The linguistic and archaeological inferences indicate that the Bantu speaking population started moving to the Great Lake (east) and then to southern Africa [68–70] from eastern Nigeria and west Cameroon [71–74] around 3000–5000 years ago [75–78]. Recent SSR and genome-wide high density SNP chip array-based analyses have also revealed a similar dispersion route of the Bantu speaking population [79, 80].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide diversity and demographic dynamics of Cameroon goats and their divergence from east African, north African, and Asian conspecifics

et al. 2019

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Indigenous goats make significant contributions to Cameroon’s national and local economy, but little effort has been devoted to identifying the populations. Here, we assessed the genetic diversity and demographic dynamics of Cameroon goat populations using mitochondrial DNA (two populations) and autosomal markers (four populations) generated with the Caprine 50K SNP chip. To infer genetic relationships at continental and global level, genotype data on six goat populations from Ethiopia and one population each from Egypt, Morocco, Iran, and China were included in the analysis. The mtDNA analysis revealed 83 haplotypes, all belonging to haplogroup A, in Cameroon goats. Four haplotypes were shared between goats found in Cameroon, Mozambique, Namibia, Zimbabwe, Kenya, and Ethiopia. Analysis of autosomal SNPs in Cameroon goats revealed the lowest H O (0.335±0.13) and H E (0.352±0.15) in the North-west Highland and Central Highland populations, respectively. Overall, the highest H O (0.401±0.12) and H E (0.422±0.12) were found for Barki and Iranian goats, respectively. Barki goats had the highest average MAF, while Central Highland Cameroon goats had the lowest. Overall, Cameroon goats demonstrated high F IS . AMOVA revealed that 13.29% of the variation was explained by genetic differences between the six population groups. Low average F ST (0.01) suggests intermixing among Cameroon goats. All measures indicated that Cameroon goats are closer to Moroccan goats than to other goat populations. PCA and STRUCTURE analyses poorly differentiated the Cameroon goats, as did genetic distance, Neighbor-Net network, and neighbor-joining tree analyses. The haplotype analysis of mtDNA showed the initial dispersion of goats to Cameroon and central Africa from north-east Africa following the Nile Delta. Whereas, the approximate Bayesian computation indicated Cameroon goats were separated from Moroccan goats after 506 generations in later times (~1518 YA), as supported by the phylogenetic net-work and admixture outputs. Overall, indigenous goats in Cameroon show weak phylogenetic structure, suggesting either extensive intermixing.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide diversity and demographic dynamics of Cameroon goats and their divergence from east African, north African, and Asian conspecifics

et al. 2019

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“…This expansion (commonly referred to as the 'Bantu expansion') is linked to the spread of agriculture and, possibly, the use of iron [2,10,11]. The Bantu expansion has been suggested to begin approximately 3-5 kya based on linguistic and archaeological inferences [3,6,12] and originated in the Cross River Valley, in the region of current eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon [7,10,13,14]. Groups that existed all over sub-Saharan Africa, before the Bantu expansions, were to a large extent replaced and/or assimilated by the Bantu-speaking groups, but some populations stayed (relatively) isolated in remote areas, such as the central African rainforest and the Kalahari Desert.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic variation reveals large-scale population expansion and migration during the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples

2014

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The majority of sub-Saharan Africans today speak a number of closely related languages collectively referred to as ‘Bantu’ languages. The current distribution of Bantu-speaking populations has been found to largely be a consequence of the movement of people rather than a diffusion of language alone. Linguistic and single marker genetic studies have generated various hypotheses regarding the timing and the routes of the Bantu expansion, but these hypotheses have not been thoroughly investigated. In this study, we re-analysed microsatellite markers typed for large number of African populations that—owing to their fast mutation rates—capture signatures of recent population history. We confirm the spread of west African people across most of sub-Saharan Africa and estimated the expansion of Bantu-speaking groups, using a Bayesian approach, to around 5600 years ago. We tested four different divergence models for Bantu-speaking populations with a distribution comprising three geographical regions in Africa. We found that the most likely model for the movement of the eastern branch of Bantu-speakers involves migration of Bantu-speaking groups to the east followed by migration to the south. This model, however, is only marginally more likely than other models, which might indicate direct movement from the west and/or significant gene flow with the western Branch of Bantu-speakers. Our study use multi-loci genetic data to explicitly investigate the timing and mode of the Bantu expansion and it demonstrates that west African groups rapidly expanded both in numbers and over a large geographical area, affirming the fact that the Bantu expansion was one of the most dramatic demographic events in human history.

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“…The great majority of subequatorial Africans (1200 million) speak one of 1500 closely related Bantu languages. Both the nearest neighbors of Bantu within Niger-Congo and the highest diversity within the Bantu family itself are found in eastern Nigeria and western Cameroon, suggesting that this may have been the "core" area of the Bantu dispersal (Johnston 1913;Greenberg 1972). Using different methodological assumptions, however, Guthrie (1970) suggested that proto-Bantu originated south of the equatorial forest, and some archaeologists have denied altogether that Bantu speakers are recent arrivals in southern Africa (Lwanga-Lunyiigo 1976).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape

Salas

Richards

Fé

et al. 2002

The American Journal of Human Genetics

440

613

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Africa presents the most complex genetic picture of any continent, with a time depth for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages >100,000 years. The most recent widespread demographic shift within the continent was most probably the Bantu dispersals, which archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest originated in West Africa 3,000-4,000 years ago, spreading both east and south. Here, we have carried out a thorough phylogeographic analysis of mtDNA variation in a total of 2,847 samples from throughout the continent, including 307 new sequences from southeast African Bantu speakers. The results suggest that the southeast Bantu speakers have a composite origin on the maternal line of descent, with approximately 44% of lineages deriving from West Africa, approximately 21% from either West or Central Africa, approximately 30% from East Africa, and approximately 5% from southern African Khoisan-speaking groups. The ages of the major founder types of both West and East African origin are consistent with the likely timing of Bantu dispersals, with those from the west somewhat predating those from the east. Despite this composite picture, the southeastern African Bantu groups are indistinguishable from each other with respect to their mtDNA, suggesting that they either had a common origin at the point of entry into southeastern Africa or have undergone very extensive gene flow since.

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A Survey of the Ethnography of Africa: And the Former Racial and Tribal Migrations in That Continent.

Cited by 57 publications

References 0 publications

Genome-wide diversity and demographic dynamics of Cameroon goats and their divergence from east African, north African, and Asian conspecifics

Genome-wide diversity and demographic dynamics of Cameroon goats and their divergence from east African, north African, and Asian conspecifics

Genetic variation reveals large-scale population expansion and migration during the expansion of Bantu-speaking peoples

The Making of the African mtDNA Landscape

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