A Survey of the Pectic Content of Nonlignified Monocot Cell Walls

Jarvis, Michael C.; Forsyth, Wilson; Duncan, H. J.

doi:10.1104/pp.88.2.309

Cited by 131 publications

(63 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…We did not find GlcA in high concentration in any vascular plants tested but it was present in higher concentration in earlier diverging angiosperms than the more recently diverged ones. Jarvis et al (1988) also found the Commelinanae, more recently evolved monocots, to have a greatly reduced uronic acid residue concentration. 4-O-Methylglucuronic acid has been reported to be present in high concentration in some dicot secondary cell walls, but is present at a lower concentration of about 0.2 -0.8% of the d. wt.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary cell wall composition of pteridophytes and spermatophytes

2004

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Summary• Primary cell walls (PCWs) of major vascular plant taxa were analysed as a contribution towards understanding wall evolution.• Alcohol-insoluble residues from immature shoots were acid-or enzyme-hydrolysed and the products analysed chromatographically and electrophoretically.• There were phylogenetic differences in abundance of mannose, galacturonate and glucuronate residues, mixed-linkage glucan (MLG) and tannins. Eusporangiate pteridophytes (lycopodiophytes, a psilotophyte, an equisetophyte and a eusporangiate fern) were richer in mannose than leptosporangiate ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms. Galacturonate was always the most abundant uronate; glucuronate was not abundant in PCWs of vascular plants except angiosperms (especially monocots and some magnoliids). MLG was detected in the Poaceae and Flagellariaceae, but no other vascular plants. Proanthocyanidins were associated with PCWs from leptosporangiate ferns, gymnosperms and some angiosperms, but not eusporangiate pteridophytes. Xyloglucan was present in all vascular plants tested.• The results imply that major evolutionary changes in the PCW occurred not only during the charophyte-bryophyte and bryophyte-lycopodiophyte transitions but also after plants attained the vascular condition and upright growth habit, particularly during the eusporangiate-leptosporangiate transition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Primary cell wall composition of pteridophytes and spermatophytes

2004

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“…However, treatment of F. moniliforme cell walls with the (-1,3-glucanase, laminarinase, did not reduce the elicitor activity of the cell wall preparation (Table I) there was no indication of a synergistic interaction between those oligogalacturonides and chitin in the rice cell elicitor bioassay (data not shown). Perhaps it should not be surprising that pectic fragments are not good elicitors in rice because rice cell walls, in common with many other monocots, do not have a very high content of pectic substances (12).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both the culture medium and the cells showed constitutive chitinase activity at zero time, and chitinase activity was induced in both the cells and the medium by the presence of chitin. However, the induced activity of chitinase in cells tended to level off after 12 h, whereas the induced activity in the medium continued to increase to 36 h. The dashed line shows that the amount of chitinase activity of the cells remains essentially unchanged throughout the 48-h period in control cells incubated in the absence of chitin.…”

Section: Chitinase Activity In Rice Cell Suspension Culturesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elicitation of Diterpene Biosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Chitin

Ren¹,

West²

1992

Plant Physiol.

139

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Cell-free extracts of UV-irradiated rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves have a much greater capacity for the synthesis from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate of diterpene hydrocarbons, including the putative precursors of rice phytoalexins, than extracts of unstressed leaves (KA Wickham, CA West [1992] Arch Biochem Biophys 293: 320-332). An elicitor bioassay was developed on the basis of these observations in which 6-day-old rice cell suspension cultures were incubated for 40 hours with the substance to be tested, and an enzyme extract of the treated cells was assayed for its diterpene hydrocarbon synthesis activity as a measure of the response to elicitor. Four types of cell wall polysaccharides and oligosaccharide fragments that have elicitor activity for other plants were tested. Of these, polymeric chitin was the most active; a suspension concentration of approximately 7 micrograms per milliliter gave 50% of the maximum response in the bioassay. Chitosan and a branched fl-1,3-glucan fraction from Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea cell walls were only weakly active, and a mixture of oligogalacturonides was only slightly active. A crude mycelial cell wall preparation from the rice pathogen, Fusarium moniliforme, gave a response comparable to that of chitin, and this activity was sensitive to predigestion of the cell wall material with chitinase before the elicitor assay. N-Acetylglucosamine, chitobiose, chitotriose, and chitotetrose were inactive as elicitors, whereas a mixture of chitin fragments solubilized from insoluble chitin by partial acid hydrolysis was highly active. Constitutive chitinase activity was detected in the culture filtrate and enzyme extract of cells from a 6-day-old rice cell culture; the amount of chitinase activity increased markedly in both the culture filtrate and cell extracts after treatment of the culture with chitin. We propose on the basis of these results that soluble chitin fragments released from fungal cell walls through the action of constitutive rice chitinases serve as biotic elicitors of defense-related responses in rice.

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“…In this case, the two strategies occur together, but normally they are mutually exclusive in dicotyledonous plants. In grasses, cereals and certain related monocotyledonous families like the palms, the structural and functional distinction between primary and secondary cell walls is not so clear and needs closer examination in relation to development and growth [5,27,50].…”

Section: Cell Walls and The Mechanical Properties Of Plant Tissuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macromolecular biophysics of the plant cell wall: Concepts and methodology

Jarvis

McCann

2000

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

106

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-Plant cell walls provide form and mechanical strength to the living plant, but the relationship between their complex architecture and their remarkable ability to withstand external stress is not well understood. Primary cell walls are adapted to withstand tensile stresses while secondary cell walls also need to withstand compressive stresses. Therefore, while primary cell walls can with advantage be flexible and elastic, secondary cell walls must be rigid to avoid buckling under compressive loads. In addition, primary cell walls must be capable of growth and are subjected to cell separation forces at the cell corners. To understand how these stresses are resisted by cell walls, it will be necessary to find out how the walls deform internally under load, and how rigid are specific constituents of each type of cell wall. The most promising spectroscopic techniques for this purpose are solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman microscopy. By NMR relaxation experiments, it is possible to probe thermal motion in each cell-wall component. Novel adaptations of FTIR and Raman spectroscopy promise to allow mechanical stress and strain upon specific polymers to be examined in situ within the cell wall. © 2000 Éditions scientifiques et médicales Elsevier SAS Cellulose / growth / mobility / pectin CP, cross-polarisation / FT, Fourier-transform / IR, infrared / MAS, magic-angle spinning / NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance / T 2 , spin-spin relaxation time constant

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A Survey of the Pectic Content of Nonlignified Monocot Cell Walls

Cited by 131 publications

References 26 publications

Primary cell wall composition of pteridophytes and spermatophytes

Primary cell wall composition of pteridophytes and spermatophytes

Elicitation of Diterpene Biosynthesis in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) by Chitin

Macromolecular biophysics of the plant cell wall: Concepts and methodology

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