A survey of Waterdrop Interaction Experiments

Abbott, Charles E.

doi:10.1029/rg015i003p00363

Cited by 37 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…The growth rate and extent of droplet formation depended on the degree of phosphorylation, whereby the introduced negative charges (as in tau441E17) could only account for some of this effect; it seems likely that the addition of phosphate groups at certain positions is relevant for the conformational changes that can lead to LLPS of tau. The lack of tau droplet coalescence suggests a fast increase in the viscoelasticity of phospho-tau droplets preventing droplet fusion (Abbott, 1977;Gu et al, 2011); this is characteristic for the "maturation" of liquids into A FRAP of whole droplets shows the exchange of tau molecules between droplets and the surrounding solution. When recorded at different time points after droplet initiation (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 min), whole droplet FRAP unravels that p-tau441-dl488 exchange between the droplets and the solution is efficient immediately after droplet initiation and decreases to $ 40% after only 15 min.…”

Section: Phosphorylation Drives Tau Llpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tau protein liquid–liquid phase separation can initiate tau aggregation

et al. 2018

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The transition between soluble intrinsically disordered tau protein and aggregated tau in neurofibrillary tangles in Alzheimer's disease is unknown. Here, we propose that soluble tau species can undergo liquid–liquid phase separation (LLPS) under cellular conditions and that phase‐separated tau droplets can serve as an intermediate toward tau aggregate formation. We demonstrate that phosphorylated or mutant aggregation prone recombinant tau undergoes LLPS, as does high molecular weight soluble phospho‐tau isolated from human Alzheimer brain. Droplet‐like tau can also be observed in neurons and other cells. We found that tau droplets become gel‐like in minutes, and over days start to spontaneously form thioflavin‐S‐positive tau aggregates that are competent of seeding cellular tau aggregation. Since analogous LLPS observations have been made for FUS, hnRNPA1, and TDP43, which aggregate in the context of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, we suggest that LLPS represents a biophysical process with a role in multiple different neurodegenerative diseases.

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Section: Phosphorylation Drives Tau Llpsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tau protein liquid–liquid phase separation can initiate tau aggregation

et al. 2018

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“…The growth by CC continues while drops fall below the melting level. Experiments showed that the isolated falling raindrops generally attain a diameter of 4.5 mm before breaking up and may reach 8–10 mm in low turbulence wind tunnels (Abbott, 1977; Hu & Srivastava, 1995; Pruppacher & Klett, 2010; Szakall et al., 2010). However, raindrops in natural clouds break at much smaller diameters (2–4 mm) due to the collisional breakup (CB) (Low & List, 1982; Rauber et al., 1991; Tzivion et al., 1989).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microphysical Origin of Raindrop Size Distributions During the Indian Monsoon

Raut

Konwar

Murugavel

et al. 2021

Geophysical Research Letters

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Tropical precipitation mainly originates in deep convective, stratiform, and transition or mix types of clouds. Shallow convective clouds also contribute significantly to the monsoon rainfall (Konwar et al., 2014;Narayanan, 1967;Saikranthi et al., 2014;Utsav et al., 2017). These clouds undergo distinct microphysical processes, and accordingly, their vertical profiles of radar reflectivity have distinct signatures. For example, a strong reflectivity ( 30 dBZ) at lower levels and the ice-phase signature above the freezing level are associated with deep convection, and a bright band near the melting layer is related to stratiform rain. Globally, the reflectivity, below the melting layer, tends to decrease towards the surface over land and increase towards the surface over oceans (

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“…Acceleration to a velocity of ~1 m/s was demonstrated, which is a more than 100 times faster velocity (i.e., 10,000 times higher kinetic energy) than the values achievable by conventional microfluidic transport of a droplet in an oil phase [ 4 , 8 ]. The inelastic and minimally deformable collisions exploited by using the confined spaces with dimensions on the micrometer scale achieved highly efficient energy transfer compared to collisions between droplets in free space, which involve energy dissipation by deformation mechanisms such as bouncing, coalescence, disruption, and fragmentation [ 9 , 10 ]. Compared to mixing by diffusion of similar-sized droplets, the microdroplet collider achieved 6000-fold faster mixing.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Pressure Acceleration of Nanoliter Droplets in the Gas Phase in a Microchannel

et al. 2016

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Microfluidics has been used to perform various chemical operations for pL–nL volumes of samples, such as mixing, reaction and separation, by exploiting diffusion, viscous forces, and surface tension, which are dominant in spaces with dimensions on the micrometer scale. To further develop this field, we previously developed a novel microfluidic device, termed a microdroplet collider, which exploits spatially and temporally localized kinetic energy. This device accelerates a microdroplet in the gas phase along a microchannel until it collides with a target. We demonstrated 6000-fold faster mixing compared to mixing by diffusion; however, the droplet acceleration was not optimized, because the experiments were conducted for only one droplet size and at pressures in the 10–100 kPa range. In this study, we investigated the acceleration of a microdroplet using a high-pressure (MPa) control system, in order to achieve higher acceleration and kinetic energy. The motion of the nL droplet was observed using a high-speed complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) camera. A maximum droplet velocity of ~5 m/s was achieved at a pressure of 1–2 MPa. Despite the higher fluid resistance, longer droplets yielded higher acceleration and kinetic energy, because droplet splitting was a determining factor in the acceleration and using a longer droplet helped prevent it. The results provide design guidelines for achieving higher kinetic energies in the microdroplet collider for various microfluidic applications.

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A survey of Waterdrop Interaction Experiments

Cited by 37 publications

References 52 publications

Tau protein liquid–liquid phase separation can initiate tau aggregation

Tau protein liquid–liquid phase separation can initiate tau aggregation

Microphysical Origin of Raindrop Size Distributions During the Indian Monsoon

High-Pressure Acceleration of Nanoliter Droplets in the Gas Phase in a Microchannel

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