A survey of zinc, lead and cadmium in soil and natural vegetation around a smelting complex

Little, Peter C.; Martin, Michael

doi:10.1016/0013-9327(72)90007-9

Cited by 202 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 12 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Considerable zinc, lead and cadmium pollution occurs in the vicinity of a smelting complex at Avonmouth, near Bristol, and metal levels have been extensively studied on grass, moss and lichens (Burkitt et al, 1972), in soil and vegetation (Little & Martin, 1972) and on the leaf surfaces of hawthorn, oak, willow and elm (Little, 1973).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous work has suggested that most of the total lead burden on the surface of deciduous vegetation near Avonmouth exists as a particulate deposit, but that a proportion of the zinc and cadmium is probably incorporated into the leaf (Little & Martin, 1972;Little, 1973). Acid washing was used in an attempt to remove the superficial deposits and metal bound to the leaf surface by exchange phenomena, The procedure followed the technique of Little (1973).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

Bewley

1979

Journal of General Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The influence of zinc, lead and cadmium contamination on the phylloplane microflora of Lolium perenne growing at various distances from a smelting complex was investigated. Bacteria, yeasts and filamentous fungi were isolated using a leaf washing method, and relative metal tolerance was assessed by the incorporation of zinc, lead and cadmium salts into the growth media. Numbers of fungal propagules were also assessed by direct observation of leaf segments. Non-pigmented yeastgof the genus Cryptococcus were particularly tolerant to the metals, both in vitro and in vivo. Bacteria were less tolerant in vitro, but populations in the field were found even under the highest levels of metal contamination. Filamentous fungi were more tolerant than bacteria to heavy metals in vitro but population levels appeared to be particularly influenced by lead contamination on the leaf surface. I N T R O D U C T I O NConsiderable zinc, lead and cadmium pollution occurs in the vicinity of a smelting complex at Avonmouth, near Bristol, and metal levels have been extensively studied on grass, moss and lichens (Burkitt et al., 1972), in soil and vegetation (Little & Martin, 1972) and on the leaf surfaces of hawthorn, oak, willow and elm (Little, 1973).Up to 8000p.p.m. zinc, 5000p.p.m. lead and 50p.p.m. cadmium have been detected on vegetation close to the smelting complex (Little, 1973). On pine saplings and cabbages grown in pots and exposed to contamination near the smelter, the numbers and diversity of micro-organisms were reduced compared with those grown at a control site (Gingell et al., 1976). The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of this pollution on the phylloplane microflora of a plant of the indigenous vegetation, Lolium perenne L., a common grass found near the smelting complex. M E T H O D SSampling procedure. Five grass fields numbered 1 to 5, at approximate distances of 0.35,0.5, 1.4, 1.3 and 1-85 km, respectively, ENE of the Avonmouth smelting complex, were sampled in November 1976. Field 4 was a little nearer to the smelter than field 3 but slightly out of the main line of sampling. Leaves from three patches of Loliurn perenne in each field were collected and placed in sterile containers.Microbiological assay. Eighty leaf discs were cut from each sample (using a 2-5 mm diam. punch), placed in a Universal bottle containing 10 ml sterile distilled water with 5 g glass beads (approx. 3 mm diam.) and shaken for 10min on a wrist action shaker. Samples (0.1 ml) of the suspension and of a 10-fold dilution were each inoculated separately on to the surface of a series of agar plates. Two basic media were used: Martin's Rose Bengal Streptomycin Agar (MRB; Tuite, 1969) and Tryptic Soy Agar [TSA; 3 g Tryptic Soy Broth (Difco 0370) 1-1 plus 20 g agar l-l]. To study relative microbial tolerance to the three metals, cadmium, zinc and lead were added singly (as nitrates) at, respectively, 100, 400 and 800 pg (g wet wt)-' to TSA and 500, 2000 and 2000 ,ug (g wet wt)-l to MRB. Plates of TSA and MRB containing al...

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

Bewley

1979

Journal of General Microbiology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Soil contamination in areas surrounding zinc smelters has been frequently studied (Little and Martin, 1972;Martin and Coughtrey, 1976;Farago, 1979;Martin et al, 1982;Verner et al, 1996;Ullrich et al, 1999;Sterckeman et al, 2000;Goodarzi et al, 2002;Almås et al, 2007). Focus has mostly been on total metal concentrations in the surface soil, but some researchers have also studied vertical distribution of contaminants (Buchauer, 1973;Låg, 1974;McMartin et al, 2002;Scokart et al, 1983;Svendsen et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Partitioning of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in organic-rich soil profiles in the vicinity of a zinc smelter

Svendsen

Steinnes

Blom

2011

Chemical Speciation & Bioavailability

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

A five-step sequential extraction procedure was applied to organic-rich soil samples from five soil profiles situated 1 -8 km from a zinc smelter. The partitioning of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu into five operationally defined fractions (exchangeable, ''carbonate''-bound, reducible, oxidizable, and residual) was studied at different soil depths down to 35 cm. In the surface soil (0 -1 cm) a major part of Pb and Cu was extracted in the oxidizable fraction, whereas for Zn and Cd slightly more was extracted in the ''carbonate''-fraction than in the other four fractions. Extracted metal proportions in the oxidizable fraction were respectively of the order of 30%, 20%, 50%, and 80% for Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in the surface soil for all sites, but these proportions decreased with soil depth. In the surface soil less than 20% of all the elements were extracted in the residual fraction, but the proportions associated with this fraction generally increased with soil depth. In the C-horizon, differences in extracted proportions of Pb and Cu in the residual fraction were probably due to geochemical factors, whereas for Zn the low extracted proportion at a highly contaminated site (20%) may be due to Zn migration to the C-horizon at this site. For Cd the extracted proportions in the C-horizon were lower than for the other elements, generally below 20%, presumably because Cd is weaker in terms of its adsorption to the soil than the other elements studied. Total concentrations of the metals decreased strongly with increasing distance from the smelter, but less systematic differences were observed for their distributions among fractions. Potentially bioavailable metal proportions (exchangeable þ ''carbonate''-bound fraction) in the surface soil were about 50%, 60%, 20%, and 10% for Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu, respectively. In C-horizon soil the mobility sequence Cd4Zn!Pb ¼ Cu was generally observed. The present results indicate that the concentrations and chemical fractionation of Zn, Pb, and Cd in these soils represent a considerable risk to natural terrestrial food chains.

show abstract

“…A leaf uptake mechanism has been previously hypothesized for various metals (Little & Martin 1972;Haghiri 1973;Zimdahl 1976). Since the tree ring Pb record accurately reflected a rapid change in atmospheric Pb concentrations and since Pb particles are deposited directly on leaf surfaces, it is reasonable to hypothesize that leaves are a primary, though not singular, pathway for Pb entry into internal tree tissues.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 98%

The decline of lead in tree rings of Carya spp. in urban Atlanta, GA, USA

Ragsdale

Berish

1988

Biogeochemistry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Abstract. Lead (Pb) concentrations in wood ring segments of Carya spp. in two urban forests in Atlanta, GA, have decreased approximately 20 percent in the last decade. This pattern is consistent with reduced atmospheric Pb over the same period. We have determined that changes in Pb concentrations in wood of urban hickory trees dramatically documents the historical periods of early urbanization, the addition of Pb to gasoline, and the recent period of restricted use of leaded gasoline.

show abstract

A survey of zinc, lead and cadmium in soil and natural vegetation around a smelting complex

Cited by 202 publications

References 12 publications

The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

The Effects of Zinc, Lead and Cadmium Pollution on the Leaf Surface Microflora of Lolium perenne L.

Partitioning of Zn, Cd, Pb, and Cu in organic-rich soil profiles in the vicinity of a zinc smelter

The decline of lead in tree rings of Carya spp. in urban Atlanta, GA, USA

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About