A survey on multiple access Visible Light Positioning

Lausnay, Steven De; Strycker, Lieven De; Goemaere, Jean Pierre; Nauwelaers, Bart; Stevens, Nobby

doi:10.1109/emergitech.2016.7737307

Cited by 37 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…De Lausnay et al [31] gave an overview of the current state-of-the-art studies on visible light positioning systems classified according to the multiple access technology use. They showed the results for the sensors commonly used in positioning, such as photodiodes or image sensors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

De-La-Llana-Calvo

Lázaro-Galilea

Gardel

et al. 2020

Sensors

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There are several technologies and techniques available when developing indoor positioning systems (IPS). Recently, the development of positioning systems based on optical signals has aroused great interest, mainly those using visible light from the lighting infrastructure. In this work, we analyze which techniques give better results to lay the foundations for the development of a Visible Light Positioning system (VLP). Working only with a receiver, it is analyzed what the result of determining the position of different emitters is when they emit simultaneously and without any synchronism. The results obtained by Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (with digital bandpass filters, I/Q demodulation, and FFT) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are compared. The interference between signals when emitted simultaneously from multiple emitters is analyzed as well as the errors they cause and how these effects can be mitigated. As a result of the research, the advantages and disadvantages using different multiple-access determination techniques are determined. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of using FDMA and CDMA techniques as well as hardware requirements that make one more feasible than the other are presented. The system behavior, in terms of errors, is established using FDMA and different configurations such as: I/Q, RMS, or FFT. The work also determines the error rates that can be obtained with the different FDMA and CDMA configurations, considering different error scenarios and integration time. Synthetic emulations and empirical tests were performed, which concluded that IPS systems based on optical signals and PSD sensors can achieve very high measurement accuracies and a high measurement rate. Obtained positioning errors in a room of 3 m height are less than 1 cm when working in noisy environments.In indoor positioning, no technology has been imposed as the GPS has in outdoor positioning. By contrast, different techniques are complementary and cooperative, while the characteristics of the environment itself limit the use of one particular technology.Taking into consideration the intended application for which an IPS system is going to be used, power consumption, coverage, accuracy, privacy, and cost are key factors to select the technology to use [10][11][12].Our paper is related to IPS based on the optical signal. In this regard, several research works make use of LED lighting, sharing the cost of the installation for illumination. The authors of [13,14] obtained positioning data relevant to compare accuracy and precision.In [13], each LED in a lighting sends 3D space coordinates and an image sensor receives the signal. By numerical analyses, the authors showed that, when using a 1000 × 1000 pixels image sensor as receiver, the receiver's position can be measured with an accuracy error of less than 1.5 m. In [14], the authors used a high-speed complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor image sensor to receive the digitized information. The sampling frequency of the image sensor is up to 48 ...

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

De-La-Llana-Calvo

Lázaro-Galilea

Gardel

et al. 2020

Sensors

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“…where T 1,i and T 2,i specify the observation interval for the signal coming from the ith LED transmitter, α i is the optical channel attenuation factor between the ith LED transmitter and the VLC receiver (α i > 0), R p is the responsivity of the photo detector at the VLC receiver, s i (t) is the transmitted signal of the ith LED transmitter, which is nonzero over an interval of [0, T s,i ], τ i is the TOA of the signal emitted by the ith LED transmitter, and η i (t) is zero-mean additive white Gaussian noise with a spectral density level of σ 2 . To enable independent processing of signals coming from different LED transmitters, a certain type of multiple access protocol, such as frequencydivision or time-division multiple access [46], [47], can be employed [4]. Thus, the noise processes, η 1 (t), .…”

Section: System Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimal and Robust Power Allocation for Visible Light Positioning Systems Under Illumination Constraints

Keskin

Sezer

Gezici

2019

IEEE Trans. Commun.

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The problem of optimal power allocation among light emitting diode (LED) transmitters in a visible light positioning system is considered for the purpose of improving localization performance of visible light communication (VLC) receivers. Specifically, the aim is to minimize the Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) on the localization error of a VLC receiver by optimizing LED transmission powers in the presence of practical constraints, such as individual and total power limitations and illuminance constraints. The formulated optimization problem is shown to be convex and thus can efficiently be solved via standard tools. We also investigate the case of imperfect knowledge of localization parameters and develop robust power allocation algorithms by taking into account both overall system uncertainty and individual parameter uncertainties related to the location and orientation of the VLC receiver. In addition, we address the total power minimization problem under predefined accuracy requirements to obtain the most energy-efficient power allocation vector for a given CRLB level. Numerical results illustrate the improvements in localization performance achieved by employing the proposed optimal and robust power allocation strategies over the conventional uniform and non-robust approaches.

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“…By extending the fingerprint-based technique, Xu et al [31] adopt various several discriminant analysis approaches to classify a user's location. Furthermore, they design another localization system, SCPL [9], which is able to count 13 For simplicity, in this paper, we generally treat camera-based techniques as one type of environmental sensors, including infrared sensors [15], light sensors [36,42], and varies kinds of cameras [13,14,16] and localize multiple residents. Later on, NUZZER, a largescale indoor DfP tracking system, is developed by Seifeldin et al [35].…”

Section: Wifi-based Device-free Localizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Device-free human localization and tracking with UHF passive RFID tags: A data-driven approach

Ruan

Sheng

Yao

et al. 2018

Journal of Network and Computer Applications

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Localizing and tracking human movement in a device-free and passive manner is promising in two aspects: i) it neither requires users to wear any sensors or devices, ii) nor it needs them to consciously cooperate during the localization. Such indoor localization technique underpins many real-world applications such as shopping navigation, intruder detection, surveillance care of seniors etc. However, current passive localization techniques either need expensive/sophisticated hardware such as ultra-wideband radar or infrared sensors, or have an issue of invasion of privacy such as camera-based techniques, or need regular maintenance such as the replacement of batteries. In this paper, we build a novel data-driven localization and tracking system upon a set of commercial ultrahigh frequency passive radio-frequency identification tags in an indoor environment. Specifically, we formulate human localization problem as finding a location with the maximum posterior probability given the observed received signal strength indicator from passive radio-frequency identification tags. In this regard, we design a series of localization schemes to capture the posterior probability by taking the advance of supervised-learning models including Gaussian Mixture Model, k Nearest Neighbor and Kernel-based Learning. For tracking a moving target, we mathematically model the task as searching a location sequence with the most likelihood, in which we first augment the probabilistic estimation learned in localization to construct the Emission Matrix and propose two human mobility models to approximate the Transmission Matrix in the Hidden Markov Model. The proposed tracking model is able to transfer the pattern learned in localization into tracking but also reduce the location-state candidates at each transmission iteration, which increases both the computation efficiency and tracking accuracy. The extensive experiments in two real-world scenarios reveal that our approach can achieve up to 94% localization accuracy and an average 0.64m tracking error, outperforming other state-of-the-art radio-frequency identification based indoor localization systems.

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A survey on multiple access Visible Light Positioning

Cited by 37 publications

References 27 publications

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

Optimal and Robust Power Allocation for Visible Light Positioning Systems Under Illumination Constraints

Device-free human localization and tracking with UHF passive RFID tags: A data-driven approach

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