A Survey on Privacy Protection of Cross-Chain

Wang, Jianghao; Cheng, Jieren; Yuan, Yuming; Li, Hui; Sheng, Victor S.

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06764-8_23

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 63 publications

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“…To this end, designing the rules is of utmost importance, likely to be an interactive process involving different stakeholders; another consideration is that sometimes the events that are checked against rules are not controlled by the bridge operators -leaving a wide attack surface for hackers. Regarding privacy, there are multiple views on the interoperability literature [46]- [49]. It seems that the main property for cross-chain transactions is unlinkability: the inability of an external observer to link the lock to the mint transactions.…”

Section: E Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee et al explored a systematization of cross-chain bridge hacks that supports our modeling of double spend [43]. Although some work on bridge security has been done recently [46], [49]- [54], the space still needs systematization. Our work puts forward the cross-chain model, a concept that unites several efforts in the area.…”

Section: A Bridge Hacks and Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 97%

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Hephaestus: Modeling, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation of Cross-Chain Transactions

Belchior,

Somogyvari,

Pfannschmidt

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Rel.

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Ecosystems of multiple blockchains are now a reality. Multi-chain applications and protocols are perceived as necessary to enable scalability, privacy, and composability. Despite being a promising emerging area, we have been witnessing devastating attacks on cross-chain bridges that have caused billions of dollars in losses, and no apparent solution seems to emerge from the ongoing chaos. In this paper, we present our contribution to minimizing bridge attacks, by monitoring a crosschain model. In particular, we aggregate cross-chain events into cross-chain transactions, and verify if they follow a set of crosschain rules, which then generate a model.We propose Hephaestus, the first cross-chain model generator that captures the operational complexity of cross-chain applications. Hephaestus can generate cross-chain models from local transactions in different ledgers, realizing arbitrary cross-chain use cases and allowing operators to monitor their applications. Monitoring helps identify outliers and malicious behavior, which can enable programmatically stopping attacks ("a circuit breaker"), including bridge hacks. We conduct a detailed evaluation of our system, where we implement a crosschain bridge use case. Our experimental results show that Hephaestus can process 600 cross-chain transactions in less than 5.5 seconds in an environment with two blockchains using sublinear storage, paving the way for more resilient bridge designs.

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Section: E Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Bridge Hacks and Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 97%

Hephaestus: Modeling, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation of Cross-Chain Transactions

Belchior,

Somogyvari,

Pfannschmidt

et al. 2024

IEEE Trans. Rel.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…To this end, designing the rules is of utmost importance, likely to be an interative process involving different stakeholders; other consideration is that sometimes the events that are checked against rules are not controlled by the bridge operators -leaving a wide attack surface for hackers. Regarding privacy, there are multiple views on the interoperability literature [44]- [47]. It seems that the main property for cross-chain transactions is unlinkeability: the inability of an external observer to link the lock to the mint transactions.…”

Section: E Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Lee et al explored a systematization of cross-chain bridge hacks that supports our modelling of double spend [41]. Although some work on bridge security has been done recently [44], [47]- [52], the space still needs systematization. Our work puts forward the cross-chain model, a concept that unites the several efforts in the area.…”

Section: A Bridge Hacks and Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hephaestus: Modelling, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation of Cross-Chain Transactions

Belchior¹,

Somogyvari²,

Pfannschmid³

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Ecosystems of multiple blockchains are now a reality. Multi-chain applications and protocols are perceived as necessary to enable scalability, privacy, and composability. Despite being a promising emerging research area, we recently have witnessed many attacks that have caused billions of dollars in losses. Attacks against bridges that connect chains are at the top of such attacks in terms of monetary cost, and no apparent solution seems to emerge from the ongoing chaos. In this paper, we present our contribution to minimizing bridge attacks. In particular, we explore the concepts of cross-chain transaction, cross-chain logic, and the cross-chain state as the enablers of the cross-chain model. We propose Hephaestus, the first cross-chain model generator that captures the operational complexity of cross-chain applications. Hephaestus can generate cross-chain models from local transactions on different ledgers realizing arbitrary use cases and allowing operators to monitor their cross-chain applications. Monitoring helps identify outliers and malicious behavior, which can help programmatically to stop bridge hacks and other attacks. We conduct a detailed evaluation of our system, where we implement a cross-chain bridge use case. Our experimental results show that Hephaestus can process 600 cross-chain transactions in less than 5.5 seconds in an environment with two blockchains and requires sublinear storage.

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“…However, the current relay chain solution faces some practical problems. In recent years, to perform necessary data interactions and asset transfers during cross-chain transactions, the cross-chain network poses security issues such as privacy leakage and loss of property [6]. An attack by malicious users cost the Value DeFi protocol $6 million on November 15, 2020 [7].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A cross-chain model with underlying security and scalability based on quantum algorithm

Wang

Liu

et al. 2023

Preprint

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As a typical cross-chain technology, the relay chain is widely applied. The transaction security in the cross-chain application of a traditional relay chain depends on the reliability of the relay part, which relies on the autonomous performance of the relay chain. However, this will lead to the risk of trust breach. There are three main security concerns: 1) No security access control for authentication; 2) Consensus transmission depends on the authority of the relay node; 3) Potential security threats from quantum computing attacks. To tackle these issues, a quantum cross-chain model (QCC) is proposed to provide post-quantum security. The QCC offers an access control policy for the global identity of application chains and two-way authentication for the cross-chain network, and a secure solution that deploys a quantum ring signature scheme (QRS) provided with audit and key-loss security for cross-chain transactions, contributing to decentralization, reliability, consensus transmissionand security of the relay chain. From a system security perspective, the security of QCC is enhanced by the underlying cryptographic algorithm--QRS, eliminating under-layer attacks and bringing a stronger guarantee for the security and scalability of upper-layer applications. In addition, the model has the advantage of scalability and supports multi-party transactions.

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A Survey on Privacy Protection of Cross-Chain

Cited by 5 publications

References 63 publications

Hephaestus: Modeling, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation of Cross-Chain Transactions

Hephaestus: Modeling, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation of Cross-Chain Transactions

Hephaestus: Modelling, Analysis, and Performance Evaluation of Cross-Chain Transactions

A cross-chain model with underlying security and scalability based on quantum algorithm

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