A Survey on Remote Operation of Road Vehicles

Abstract

In recent years, the use of remote operation has been proposed as a bridge towards driverless mobility by providing human assistance remotely when an automated driving system finds a situation that is ambiguous and requires input from a remote operator. The remote operation of road vehicles has also been proposed as a way to enable drivers to operate vehicles from safer and more comfortable locations. While commercial solutions for remote operation exist, remaining challenges are being tackled by the research community, who is continuously testing and validating the feasibility of deploying remote operation of road vehicles on public roads. These tests range from the technological scope to social aspects such as acceptability and usability that affect human performance. This survey presents a compilation of works that approach the remote operation of road vehicles. We start by describing the basic architecture of remote operation systems and classify their modes of operation depending on the level of human intervention. We use this classification to organize and present recent and relevant work on the field from industry and academia. Finally, we identify the challenges in the deployment of remote operation systems in the technological, regulatory, and commercial scopes.

Decentralised IOTA-Based Concepts of Digital Trust for Securing Remote Driving in an Urban Environment

“…Other identified papers do not address these issues either: e.g., ref. [22] focuses on the usability of mobile networks for remote driving and [23] uses a survey with emphasis on other technical remote driving characteristics, such as latency, user experience, and situational awareness. The security of remote-driven vehicles generally refers to the security during the driving process, including the security of the sensors, operating system of the vehicle, control system, and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication.…”

Survey on Teleoperation Concepts for Automated Vehicles

“…Over the last two decades, academia and industry have explored and demonstrated various concepts of remote interaction with AVs. These concepts are usually categorized into two main groups based on the level of human involvement, interaction type, and overall use case [2,3]. The first category, Remote Driving (RD), involves teleoperation concepts where the operator takes responsibility for the driving task.…”

“…Suppose the traffic situation has changed to the point where the previous decision is not satisfying anymore. In that case, the operator can decide to reject it 3 and return to the Trajectory Creation phase to create a new one. Otherwise, the operator approves the trajectory 4 , which triggers the next phase.…”

An Auditory Display for Remote Road Vehicle Operation That Increases Awareness and Presence

“…conditions or situations that the AD system is not designed to handle. It has been proposed that remote operation enabling a human remote operator to support a connected and automated vehicle from a distance when unexpected events or failures occur could be a way to overcome these challenges [3]. Furthermore, this type of technology could also allow a remote operator to act as a safety driver during the testing phases of AD vehicles that are not equipped with regular driver controls [3].…”

“…It has been proposed that remote operation enabling a human remote operator to support a connected and automated vehicle from a distance when unexpected events or failures occur could be a way to overcome these challenges [3]. Furthermore, this type of technology could also allow a remote operator to act as a safety driver during the testing phases of AD vehicles that are not equipped with regular driver controls [3]. Hence, remote operation has the potential to overcome some of the challenges that currently are slowing down the commercialization of automated vehicles.…”