A survey on reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases

Abstract

Over the past few years, reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases have been proposed to provide protection of ownership rights, data tempering, and data integrity. Mainly, these techniques ensure original data recovery from watermarked data, whereas irreversible watermarking schemes only protect ownership rights. This characteristic of reversible watermarking has emerged as a candidate solution for the protection of ownership rights of data, intolerable to modifications such as medical data, genetic data, credit card, and bank account data. The main objective of this paper is to make an extensive survey of the state-of-the-art in reversible watermarking techniques for relational databases to reflect recent research progress and to point out the key issues for future research. In order to analyze these techniques, a classification has been performed on the basis of (i) the extent of modifications introduced by the watermarking scheme in the underlying data and (ii) the robustness of the embedded watermark against malicious attacks.Reversible watermarking techniques [10,11,26] provide security for trial versions of database applications. The original full version of the database application can be recovered from the decoded database subsequently, dependent on whether the user purchases the license of the database application. For example, database applications providing this facility are IBM DB2 [27] and Oracle [28]. High-capacity watermarkingReversible watermarking techniques provide a mechanism to utilize the available bandwidth for maximum water-Security Comm. Networks (2015) A survey on reversible watermarking techniques for RDB mark robustness by minimizing distortions in the data and increasing watermark capacity [29,30]. With high watermark capacity, less distortion is introduced in the underlying data. High-capacity watermarking is required in critical databases such as those pertaining to military and health care domains. Original data recoveryReversible watermarking techniques provide high-quality datasets (without any alterations) for data mining and other information extraction processes [10,11,30,31]. In some relational database applications such as electronic medical records systems, data mining is used to extract patient data for decision making. As increasing amount of medical data is made available by practitioners and health care providers for conversion into digital format, cases of fraud [32] and data privacy breach crop up at an alarming rate [33]. Thus, in such shared environments, ownership and digital rights are required to be protected from illegal use by malicious users.Security Comm. Networks (2015) Ã 1 - ( 13) where (b(i; n, p) = nkp i (1p) n-i ).Security Comm. Networks (2015) Distortion-based reversible watermarking techniques introduce less distortion in the underlying data and are highly robust against malicious attacks. Distortion-free fragile watermarking techniques introduce zero distortion in the underlying data and are not robust against malicious attacks. ...

Relational database security using digital watermarking and evolutionary techniques

“…A comparison of state‐of‐the‐art reversible watermarking techniques with our proposed scheme has been presented in Table . This comparison with current techniques used for watermarking relational database ensures that our proposed scheme outperforms as compare to these cutting edge techniques in all perspectives …”

Reversible Fragile Watermarking Scheme for Relational Database Based on Prediction-Error Expansion

“…Several recent surveys have provided detailed discussion on relational database watermarking [1][2][3][4][5]. Robust reversible watermarking has also been investigated in many recent works [10][11][12][13].…”

“…at is, they do not allow original data recovering from the watermarked relation [1][2][3][4]. erefore, although some distortion-free schemes exist in the literature [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9], there is a need to develop a new generation of watermarking techniques that could efficiently address the abovementioned issues. To achieve that, reversible or lossless digital watermarking has been extended from multimedia assets to relational data to allow original data recovery at watermark detection.…”

“…Reversible watermarking controls the distortions introduced by watermark embedding, and it ensures data recovery along with ownership protection or tamper proofing. Several reversible methods are available in the literature for watermarking relational databases [5]. Nevertheless, most of the proposed solutions are robust as they have been proposed for copyright protection and ownership proofing.…”

A Novel Database Watermarking Technique Using Blockchain as Trusted Third Party

“…Sometimes, authors need to outsource their databases across Internet or using other medium. The data in relational database is first stored and later evaluated and is prone to the problem of piracy and copyright violation and false ownership claims [5]. As watermarking of multimedia objects is comparatively mature field and a lot of related work is available in this area, many techniques are available to deal with copyright issue of multimedia products efficiently including cryptography, steganography, blockchain, and watermarking.…”