A Survey on Underwater Acoustic Sensor Network Routing Protocols

Abstract

Underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) have become more and more important in ocean exploration applications, such as ocean monitoring, pollution detection, ocean resource management, underwater device maintenance, etc. In underwater acoustic sensor networks, since the routing protocol guarantees reliable and effective data transmission from the source node to the destination node, routing protocol design is an attractive topic for researchers. There are many routing algorithms have been proposed in recent years. To present the current state of development of UASN routing protocols, we review herein the UASN routing protocol designs reported in recent years. In this paper, all the routing protocols have been classified into different groups according to their characteristics and routing algorithms, such as the non-cross-layer design routing protocol, the traditional cross-layer design routing protocol, and the intelligent algorithm based routing protocol. This is also the first paper that introduces intelligent algorithm-based UASN routing protocols. In addition, in this paper, we investigate the development trends of UASN routing protocols, which can provide researchers with clear and direct insights for further research.

Distortion Performance of Convolutionally Coded Underwater Acoustic Networks

“…There have been significant recent research efforts focused on the analysis and design of underwater networks [1][2][3][4], including medium access control [5][6][7][8], and routing protocols [9][10][11][12][13]. The study of underwater acoustic networks needs to take into consideration a number of design aspects that arise due to the underwater transmission medium.…”

Next Forwarding Node Selection in Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs): Techniques and Challenges

“…In [13], Li et al conducted a survey of routing protocols for underwater acoustic sensor network. The aim of this survey was to classify the routing protocols based on cross-layer design methods, and it is considered the first paper that provides this classification.…”

“…The depth of the nodes is controlled by buoyancy control and they can move freely with the water currents [13,31]. The horizontal movement of these sensor nodes is about 1-3 m/s, while their vertical movement is negligible [4,34].…”

Underwater Acoustic Sensor Node Scheduling using an Evolutionary Memetic Algorithm

“…The terrestrial sensor network protocols cannot be applied directly in UWASNs, due to the continuous change in the underwater environment [12]. In UWASNs, Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) can work well for a prolonged period of time over which collision is been avoided efficiently [13].…”