A survey study of neuropsychiatric complaints in patients with Graves' disease

doi:10.1176/jnp.8.2.181

Cited by 94 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The present findings are interesting because they suggest that zinc may play a role in a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Among patients with thyrotoxicosis, some individuals develop anxiety, others develop depression or psychosis, and still others, do not develop psychiatric disorders at all [42]. We find the same pattern in for example patients with hyperparathyroidism [43], [44] and in patients with low levels of vitamin B12 [45].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Zinc Deficiency Is Common in Several Psychiatric Disorders

et al. 2013

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BackgroundMounting evidence suggests a link between low zinc levels and depression. There is, however, little knowledge about zinc levels in older persons with other psychiatric diagnoses. Therefore, we explore the zinc status of elderly patients suffering from a wide range of psychiatric disorders.MethodsClinical data and blood samples for zinc analyzes were collected from 100 psychogeriatric patients over 64 of age. Psychiatric and cognitive symptoms were assessed using the Montgomery and Aasberg Depression Rating Scale, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, the Mini-Mental State Examination, the Clockdrawing Test, clinical interviews and a review of medical records. In addition, a diagnostic interview was conducted using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview instrument. The prevalence of zinc deficiency in patients with depression was compared with the prevalence in patients without depression, and the prevalence in a control group of 882 older persons sampled from a population study.ResultsThere was a significant difference in zinc deficiency prevalence between the control group (14.4%) and the patient group (41.0%) (χ2 = 44.81, df = 1, p<0.001). In a logistic model with relevant predictors, zinc deficiency was positively associated with gender and with serum albumin level. The prevalence of zinc deficiency in the patient group was significantly higher in patients without depression (i.e. with other diagnoses) than in patients with depression as a main diagnosis or comorbid depression (χ2 = 4.36, df = 1, p = 0.037).ConclusionsZinc deficiency is quite common among psychogeriatric patients and appears to be even more prominent in patients suffering from other psychiatric disorders than depression.LimitationsThis study does not provide a clear answer as to whether the observed differences represent a causal relationship between zinc deficiency and psychiatric symptoms. The blood sample collection time points varied in both the control group and the patient group. No data regarding zinc supplementation were collected.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 67%

Zinc Deficiency Is Common in Several Psychiatric Disorders

et al. 2013

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“…It is well known that a diversity of psychiatric symptoms can occur in connection with various medical conditions. Some patients with thyrotoxicosis develop depression, others develop anxiety or psychosis, and some do not develop psychiatric disorders at all [40]. The same pattern is found in patients with hyperparathyroidism [41] and in patients with low levels of vitamin B12 [42].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Vitamin D deficiency is common in psychogeriatric patients, independent of diagnosis

et al. 2014

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BackgroundPrevious studies have found an association between psychiatric disorders and vitamin D deficiency, but most studies have focused on depression. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in elderly patients with a wider range of psychiatric diagnoses.MethodThe study included elderly patients (>64 years) referred to a psychiatric hospital in Northern Norway and a control group from a population survey in the same area. An assessment of psychiatric and cognitive symptoms and diagnoses was conducted using the Montgomery and Aasberg Depression Rating Scale, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia, the Mini Mental State Examination, the Clockdrawing Test, and the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI+), as well as clinical interviews and a review of medical records. The patients’ mean level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency were compared with those of a control group, and a comparison of vitamin D deficiency across different diagnostic groups was also made. Vitamin D deficiency was defined as 25(OH)D <50 nmol/L (<20 ng/ml).ResultsThe mean levels of 25(OH)D in the patient group (n = 95) and the control group (n = 104) were 40.5 nmol/L and 65.9 nmol/L (p < 0.001), respectively. A high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency was found in the patient group compared with the control group (71.6% and 20.0%, respectively; p < 0.001). After adjusting for age, gender, season, body mass index, and smoking, vitamin D deficiency was still associated with patient status (OR: 12.95, CI (95%): 6.03-27.83, p < 0.001). No significant differences in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency were found between patients with different categories of psychiatric diagnoses, such as depression, bipolar disorders, psychosis, and dementia.ConclusionVitamin D deficiency is very common among psychogeriatric patients, independent of diagnostic category. Even though the role of vitamin D in psychiatric disorders is still not clear, we suggest screening for vitamin D deficiency in this patient group due to the importance of vitamin D for overall health.

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“…They are often found in patients with chronic somatic diseases, among these thyroid dysfunction [2]. Hypothyroidism has been linked to depression [2,3,4,5,6] but increased prevalence of anxiety and depression is also found in hyperthyroidism [7], particularly in the early phase of Graves' disease [8,9,10,11], compared with the general population or compared with patients with other chronic thyroid diseases [2,12,13]. It remains unclear to which extent anxiety and depression relate to chronic disease as such, or whether it is uniquely tied to hyperthyroidism.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies of hyperthyroid patients found that symptoms of anxiety and depression disappeared within months of starting anti-thyroid drug treatment [2,14,15], indicating that increased levels of thyroid hormones may contribute to anxiety and depression [2,16,17]. Others found that symptoms persisted despite successful anti-thyroid drug treatment [11,18,19,20,21], indicating that anxiety and depression might be related to other aspects of hyperthyroidism, such as thyroid autoimmunity, rather than thyroid hormone status. Elevated levels of thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) have been directly related to anxiety and depression in some [19,22,23] but not in all studies [24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anxiety and Depression Are More Prevalent in Patients with Graves' Disease than in Patients with Nodular Goitre

Bové¹,

Watt²,

Vogel³

et al. 2014

Eur Thyroid J

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Background and Objective: Graves' disease has been associated with an increased psychiatric morbidity. It is unclarified whether this relates to Graves' disease or chronic disease per se. The aim of our study was to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in patients with Graves' disease compared to patients with another chronic thyroid disease, nodular goitre, and to investigate determinants of anxiety and depression in Graves' disease. Methods: 157 cross-sectionally sampled patients with Graves' disease, 17 newly diagnosed, 140 treated, and 251 controls with nodular goitre completed the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). The differences in the mean HADS scores between the groups were analysed using multiple linear regression, controlling for socio-demographic variables. HADS scores were also analysed dichotomized: a score >10 indicating probable ‘anxiety'/probable ‘depression'. Determinants of anxiety and depression symptoms in Graves' disease were examined using multiple linear regression. Results: In Graves' disease levels of anxiety (p = 0.008) and depression (p = 0.014) were significantly higher than in controls. The prevalence of depression was 10% in Graves' disease versus 4% in nodular goitre (p = 0.038), anxiety was 18 versus 13% (p = 0.131). Symptoms of anxiety (p = 0.04) and depression (p = 0.01) increased with comorbidity. Anxiety symptoms increased with duration of Graves' disease (p = 0.04). Neither thyroid function nor autoantibody levels were associated with anxiety and depression symptoms. Conclusions: Anxiety and depression symptoms were more severe in Graves' disease than in nodular goitre. Symptoms were positively correlated to comorbidity and duration of Graves' disease but neither to thyroid function nor thyroid autoimmunity.

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A survey study of neuropsychiatric complaints in patients with Graves' disease

Cited by 94 publications

References 11 publications

Zinc Deficiency Is Common in Several Psychiatric Disorders

Zinc Deficiency Is Common in Several Psychiatric Disorders

Vitamin D deficiency is common in psychogeriatric patients, independent of diagnosis

Anxiety and Depression Are More Prevalent in Patients with Graves' Disease than in Patients with Nodular Goitre

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