A sustainable process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Fan, Bailin; Chen, Xiangping; Zhou, Tao; Zhang, Jinxia; Xu, Bao

doi:10.1177/0734242x16634454

Cited by 97 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Common inorganic acids are hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, etc. Common organic acids are: citric acid [15], DL-malic acid, oxalic acid, etc. The experimental impregnation involves the use of two inorganic acids HCl [16][17][18][19][20], H 2 SO 4 [21][22][23][24][25][26], and one organic acid, of which citric acid as the main research impregnation type.…”

Section: Impregnation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) Using Physical Pretreatment and a Hydrometallurgy Process

Chiu¹,

Shen²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

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Lithium ion batteries are the most commonly used batteries at present, and because of the large number of people using and manufacturing them, the serious environmental problems caused by the final disposal of waste lithium batteries are worth discussing. In this study, lithium ion batteries were crushed with a crusher, and the obtained powder was then sieved and collected. The valuable metals in the lithium ion batteries were recovered using a hydrometallurgy process. The research included the use of acid leaching and chemical precipitation. Acid leaching of the cathode electrode powder with three kinds of acids, including citric acid, sulfuric acid, and hydrochloric acid, resulted in a leaching solution rich in lithium, cobalt, nickel, and manganese. The leaching solution obtained from hydrochloric acid leaching was selected as the liquid to be used for the precipitation experiments. Precipitation was performed first using a selective chemical precipitation method, and manganese was first precipitated as a black powder. The color of the leaching solution after manganese precipitation changed to dark pink, and the liquid was full of cobalt and nickel. Then, the cobalt and nickel were co-precipitated with ammonium citric, and the obtained precipitates were either pale pink or grayish pink. After precipitation of cobalt and nickel, only lithium was left in the transparent, colorless leaching liquid. Finally, lithium was concentrated through reduced pressure evaporation, and a green lithium salt was obtained.

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Section: Impregnation Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) Using Physical Pretreatment and a Hydrometallurgy Process

Chiu¹,

Shen²,

Chen³

et al. 2019

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“…Higher reaction temperatures tend to increase the leaching efficiencies of metals [21]. The leaching reaction of the cathode powder is an endothermic or process so the leaching efficiencies of the metals will increase as temperature increased [22].…”

Section: Effect Of Reaction Temperaturementioning

confidence: 99%

Recovery of cobalt and nickel from spent lithium ion batteries with citric acid using leaching process: Kinetics study

et al. 2018

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Lithium ion batteries are commonly used as power sources for mobile phone, but by using it continually will degrade their capabilities. Battery replacements will cause a lot of waste in environment. Spent lithium ion batteries cathode contain heavy metals, such as cobalt and nickel. However it is also included as valuable metals thus recovery process is necessary. In this research, hydrometallurgical leaching process has been done for recovery of cobalt and nickel from spent lithium ion batteries using citric acid as a leaching agent by varying citric acid concentration (0.5-1 M), reaction temperature (50-80) and reaction time (5-20 minutes). The spent lithium ion batteries were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The result showed that the leaching of lithium ion batteries using citric acid was depend on citric acid concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time. Based on kinetics study, the leaching reaction of cobalt and nickel from cathode powder using citric acid was chemically controlled process and the activation energy of cobalt and nickel were 67.12 kJ/mole and 58.22 kJ/mole. The reaction order of leaching cobalt and nickel using citric acid was first-order reaction.

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“…Leaching of active materials from spent LIBs using citric acid and H 2 O 2 was investigated by Fan et al [25]. A leaching process of LiCoO 2 using oxalic acid without hydrogen peroxide was study by Zeng et al [26] and about 98% and 97% of Li and Co recovery were reached, respectively. Other alternative leaching process was studied by Ku et al [27] from treated cathode active materials, from a commercial LIB pack of hybrid electric vehicle, using ammoniacal agents and it was verified that Co and Cu can be completely leached while Mn and Al are hardly leached and Ni has a moderate leaching efficiency.…”

Section: New Developments For Li-ion Batteriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spent battery flows, characterization and recycling processes

Vieceli¹,

Pedrosa²,

Margarido³

et al. 2016

Int. J. SDP

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Spent batteries are an important waste flow regarding the recovery of the contained metals motivated by economic, environmental and strategic reasons. The portable battery market is dominated by primary Zn-Mn cells, but the market of secondary batteries are continuously growing, with particular relevance for Li-ion batteries, used in practically all electronic devices. The batteries are metal concentrates, having metal grades such as 20%-30% of Zn, Mn, Co, Ni, depending on the battery system. These metals are specifically concentrated in the electrodes, which are the most important component of a battery. The most usual chemical forms of these metals in the electrodes are oxides or hydrated oxides, but other solid phases can be found such as metal alloys. The recycling of batteries can be done by pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical processes. The first one usually involves the distillation of some more volatile metals, such as Zn in Zn-Mn cells and Cd in Ni-Cd cells. For Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries, some pyrometallurgical approaches involve the melting and recovery of Ni or Co, but with losses of other metals (like lithium and rare earths). The hydrometallurgical alternative allows higher metal recovery rates, as practised industrially for Zn-Mn and Li-ion batteries. Many studies on alternative processes for recycling Li-ion batteries have been intensively carried out due to the special interest on these batteries nowadays and in the future.

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A sustainable process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 97 publications

References 26 publications

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) Using Physical Pretreatment and a Hydrometallurgy Process

Recovery of Valuable Metals from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs) Using Physical Pretreatment and a Hydrometallurgy Process

Recovery of cobalt and nickel from spent lithium ion batteries with citric acid using leaching process: Kinetics study

Spent battery flows, characterization and recycling processes

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