A sustainable revival process for defective LiFePO4 cathodes through the synergy of defect-targeted healing and in-situ construction of 3D-interconnected porous carbon networks

Sun, Jing; Jiang, Zhenyu; Jia, Pingshan; Su, Li; Wang, Wenlong; Song, Zhanlong; Mao, Yanpeng; Zhao, Xinbing; Zhou, Bingqian

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2023.01.012

Cited by 19 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…220 Sun et al focused their attention on the structure of the carbon layer after completing the targeted repair of Li + defects by solution lithiation. 221 Before a short annealing step, a pore-forming template (NaCl) was embedded in a glucose coating on the surface of the LFP particles by ice-drying, and a small amount of urea was then incorporated. With the help of the melting of the NaCl, the carbon layer structure was changed into a unique N-doped three-dimensional porous carbon network, which provided a shortcut for ion transport and electrolyte penetration.…”

Section: Direct Recycling Of Spent Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Ji,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Chem. Soc. Rev.

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Section: Direct Recycling Of Spent Cathode Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Ji,

Wang,

et al. 2023

Chem. Soc. Rev.

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“…The common idea is to mix spent LFP with lithium sources and synthesize the recycled LFP by hydrothermal or solid-phase methods. [26,27,72,106] The overaddition of the lithium source means that this method does not require too fine a calculation. These methods have stringent requirements for reaction conditions, so it is necessary to carry out an economic analysis of them.…”

Section: Recovery Of Lfp: Relithiation and Reparation Of Spent Lfpmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Critical Review on the Recycling Strategy of Lithium Iron Phosphate from Electric Vehicles

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2023

Small Methods

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Electric vehicles (EVs) are one of the most promising decarbonization solutions to develop a carbon‐negative economy. The increasing global storage of EVs brings out a large number of power batteries requiring recycling. Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) is one of the first commercialized cathodes used in early EVs, and now gravimetric energy density improvement makes LFP with low cost and robustness popular again in the market. Developments in LFP recycling techniques are in demand to manage a large portion of the EV batteries retired both today and around ten years later. In this review, first the operation and degradation mechanisms of LFP are revisited aiming to identify entry points for LFP recycling. Then, the current LFP recycling methods, from the pretreatment of the retired batteries to the regeneration and recovery of the LFP cathode are summarized. The emerging direct recovery technology is highlighted, through which both raw material and the production cost of LFP can be recovered. In addition, the current issues limiting the development of the LIBs recycling industry are presented and some ideas for future research are proposed. This review provides the theoretical basis and insightful perspectives on developing new recycling strategies by outlining the whole‐life process of LFP.

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“…[20a] Aimed to address these key issues, several methods have been proposed to repair LFP cathode including solid-state methods, [28] hydrothermal technique, [34b,51] electrochemical relithiation, [16,44] chemical relithiation methods, [47] molten salts methods, [40] and innovative methods. [52] High-temperature solid-state methods combined with adding extra Li resources have been proposed to recover the Li vacancy and anti-site defects, which has proved to be of great potential. On the one hand, crystal defects can be recovered with heat treatment.…”

Section: Direct Repair Of Lfpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, other direct repairing methods for spent LFP have been proposed. Recently, an innovative two-step "ice & fire" method, a template-assisted regeneration process that synergizes defect-targeted healing and surface modification, has been introduced by Sun et al [52] Based on the aqueous solution relithiation method, the freeze-drying step and annealing were introduced into the regeneration process. A unique 3Dinterconnected porous carbon network on the surface of LFP particles was formed by this method, thus increasing the electronic conductivity.…”

Section: Direct Repair Of Lfpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 20a ] Aimed to address these key issues, several methods have been proposed to repair LFP cathode including solid‐state methods, [ 28 ] hydrothermal technique, [ 34b,51 ] electrochemical relithiation, [ 16,44 ] chemical relithiation methods, [ 47 ] molten salts methods, [ 40 ] and innovative methods. [ 52 ]…”

Section: Achievements Of Spent Cathode Repairingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Regenerating Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Lan,

Li,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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Recycling cathode materials from spent lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) is critical to a sustainable society as it will relief valuable but scarce recourse crises and reduce environment burdens simultaneously. Different from conventional hydrometallurgical and pyrometallurgical recycling methods, direct regeneration relies on non‐destructive cathode‐to‐cathode mode, and therefore, more time and energy‐saving along with an increased economic return and reduced CO2 footprint. This review retrospects the history of direct regeneration and discusses state‐of‐the‐art development. The reported methods, including high‐temperature solid‐state, hydrothermal/ionothermal, molten salt thermochemistry, and electrochemical method, are comparatively introduced, targeting at illustrating their underlying regeneration mechanism and applicability. Further, representative repairing and upcycling studies on wide‐applied cathodes, including LiCoO2 (LCO), ternary oxides, LiFePO4 (LFP), and LiMn2O4 (LMO), are presented, with an emphasis on milestone cases. Despite these achievements, there remain several critical issues that shall be addressed before the commercialization of the mentioned direct regeneration methods.

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A sustainable revival process for defective LiFePO4 cathodes through the synergy of defect-targeted healing and in-situ construction of 3D-interconnected porous carbon networks

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

Fundamentals, status and challenges of direct recycling technologies for lithium ion batteries

A Critical Review on the Recycling Strategy of Lithium Iron Phosphate from Electric Vehicles

Direct Regenerating Cathode Materials from Spent Lithium‐Ion Batteries

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