The natural temporal mismatch between solar electricity generation and consumption necessitates the use of energy storage to stabilize "green" electricity supply. Integration of photovoltaic (PV) devices with energy storage has been widely discussed for different operation scenarios from large-scale installations to low-power indoor devices. At the same time, various energy storage technologies from batteries [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] and supercapacitors [11][12][13] to energy storage by water splitting [14][15][16] and water pumping [17] can be used. Any combination of PV and suggested energy storage technologies requires power coupling. To utilize the full power generation potential of a PV module, it must operate at the maximum power point (MPP) of its currentvoltage (I-V ) curve. The shape of the I-V curve and position of the MPP depend on the technology and PV module design and strongly depend on irradiance [18] and temperature, [19] which are both constantly changing in real-world applications. At the same time, the combined I-V curve of the devices connected to the PV module plays an equally important role. This I-V changes with variance of consumption rate and battery state of charge (SoC). Power coupling under these variable conditions is usually achieved using maximum power point trackers (MPPTs)-devices combining DC-DC converter capability with MPPT logic. [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] It provides dynamic power coupling-matching of the current characteristic resistance of the battery to the input resistance of energy storage and load. This approach ensures flexibility in component selection as well as stability under variable conditions. On the other hand, adding an MPPT means additional cost, power overhead due to self-consumption, reduced reliability, and increased maintenance efforts for a PV system.In contrast, a direct PV-to-battery connection can be a simple and cost-effective alternative. Even though there is no active MPP tracking in this simplified case, the concept is of interest because the domain of the battery operating points and the domain of MPPs of a PV module can overlap very closely. [30,31] The feasibility of direct power matching was previously investigated. [1,5,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37] Although a directly coupled solution requires careful preselection of the PV and battery components, [1,5,33,34,[37][38][39][40] the PV-battery device can potentially achieve high coupling factor over a significant range of irradiance