A Synthetic Pabulum for the Preservation of Bull Semen

Phillips, Paul H.; Spitzer, Robert R.

doi:10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(46)92496-4

Cited by 37 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Egg yolk, which contains compounds that protect sperm against cold shock (Philips 1939;Mann 1964) and the toxic effect of seminal plasma (Shannon & Curson 1972b), has been shown in this study to contain both motility-initiating and motility-sustaining compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

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Effects of various fractions of egg yolk, BSA, and ovalbumin on sperm motility, and effect of storage on restoration of motility

Shannon

Curson

Pitt

et al. 1983

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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Experiments were conducted to test the effect of egg yolk fractions, bovine serum albumin (BSA), and ovalbumin on washed immotile sperm. Egg yolk contained several fractions that initiated 'l1otility in washed immotile sperm, and one of these was water-soluble and heat-stable. These motilityinitiating fractions were found in the retentate of dialysed egg yolk. Egg yolk also contained compound(s) located in the diffusate of dialysed seminal plasma that sustained motility in activated samples. The nature of the sustaining compound(s) is not known. Washed immotile sperm could be readily reactivated with egg yolk after up to 4 days' storage, but not after storage for 8 and 16 days. Failure at Day 8 occurred when 54% of the sperm were still alive. Many of these sperm were active after 24 h incubation when EDTA was present in the storage diluent, but not when EDT A was absent. It was concluded that delay in activation resulted from the time taken for critical concentrations of sustaining compounds to diffuse into the cell. The reason for the failure to reactivate immotile sperm stored without EDT A is not known. BSA was more effective than ovalbumin in initiating motility in washed sperm. However, the concentration of BSA required to initiate motility varied between samples, suggesting that sperm from different bulls may vary in their requirement for initiating compound(s). It is concluded that the property of motility initiation resides in several large molecular weight substances, though the efficiency of initiation of these substances may vary greatly. Efficiency of initiation of motility was not related to the effect of the initiating compound on the permeability of the cell membrane to sustaining compound(s).

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…Its principal benefits are thought to be its protective action against cold shock (Philips 1939;Mann 1964) and, for semen stored at ambient temperatures, its protective action against the toxic action of seminal plasma (Shannon & Curson 1972b). The present study shows that egg yolk is also a source of initiating and sustaining compounds.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of various fractions of egg yolk, BSA, and ovalbumin on sperm motility, and effect of storage on restoration of motility

Shannon

Curson

Pitt

et al. 1983

New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research

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“…When used in combination with glycerol, egg yolk plays a major role in protecting spermatozoa from the thermal shock caused by freezing (Phillips 1939; Bogart and Mayer 1950). The latter is widely used in combination with ready‐to‐use commercial media such as Triladyl ® (Minitüb, Tiefenbach, Germany) at a concentration of 20% (w/v).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Glutamine and Low Density Lipoproteins Isolated from Egg Yolk to Improve Buck Semen Freezing

Ahmad¹,

Chatagnon²,

Amirat-Briand³

et al. 2008

Reprod Domestic Animals

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To improve the results obtained with a reference cryopreservation extender (control extender: Triladyl + 20% (v/v) egg yolk + 6.4% (v/v) glycerol) for freezing caprine semen, glutamine was added to 18 split ejaculates at concentrations of 0, 20, 40, 80 and 120 mM (experiment 1). In experiment 2, glutamine was added to 18 split ejaculates at concentrations of 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 mM. In the third experiment, the egg yolk was replaced with the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) fraction of egg yolk. The quality of frozen then thawed spermatozoa in each extender was compared using computer-assisted semen analysis. In experiment 1, glutamine at concentrations of 20 mm and 40 mm significantly improved sperm motility compared with the control extender. However, at 120 mM, a significant decrease in motility and velocity was observed. In experiment 2, motility, curvilinear velocity and amplitude of lateral head displacement (ALH) were improved in glutamine at 25 mM compared with the control. In experiment 3, 8% LDL and 25 mM glutamine significantly improved sperm motility, straight line velocity and ALH. In the fourth experiment, the quality of the previously defined freezing extender (Triladyl + 8% (v/v) LDL + 25 mM glutamine + 6.4% (v/v) glycerol) was tested by comparing acrosome, tail membrane, plasma membrane and DNA integrity in 18 split ejaculates of frozen then thawed spermatozoa with spermatozoa that had been frozen then thawed in the control extender, and with spermatozoa from fresh, unfrozen sperm. The percentage of spermatozoa with intact acrosomes and tail membranes was significantly higher with the newly defined extender than that observed with the control extender. There was no significant difference in the percentage of spermatozoa with intact DNA between the frozen and fresh semen.

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“…Sea urchin spermatozoa also utilize endogenous phospholipid as a source of energy (Rothschild and Cleland 1952). Milovanov and Selivanova (1932) found that lecithin improves the viability of stored bull semen while Phillips and Spitzer (1946) recommend the use of lecithin in their synthetic pabulum for bull semen; the fertility rates for the latter being equal to those obtained using the normal egg yolk diluent. It would thus seem reasonable to use lecithin for the prevention of cold shock, with the expectation of no undesirable side effects.…”

Section: P<0·02mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Prevention of Temperature Shock of Bull and Ram Semen

Aw¹

1954

Aust. Jnl. Of Bio. Sci.

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The decreased vitality of ram and bull spermatozoa caused by sudden cooling (cold shock) may be largely prevented by the presence of egg yolk in the dlluent.The activity of egg yolk in preventing cold shock lies in the alcohol-soluble, acetone-insoluble fraction. The phospholipid lecithin may be isolated from this and will prevent cold shock in concentrations as low as 0·12 per cent.The protective action of lecithin for ram spermatozoa is greater at pH 6·5 than at a neutral or alkaline pH.1. INTRODUCTION The collection and storage of semen subjects spermatozoa to numerous environmental changes, which all tend to reduce the number of living and active cells. Sudden changes in temperatwe affect the vitality of spermatozoa; Milovanov (1934) calls the harmful effect of sudden cooling, "temperature or cold shock." Thus, Birillo and Puhaljskii (1936) observed that a fall in temperature from 40 to O°C in 30-60 min caused temperature shock to ram and bull spermatozoa. Cooling over 2 hr caused less shock and if it was prolonged to 3 or 4 hr, cold shock did not occur. However, positive results with ram semen were only obtained with artificially buffered specimens. Gladcinova (1937) reported that rapid cooling of horse, bull, and ram semen from body temperature to 5 or lOoC, caused reduced activity which could not be restored by rewarming. Cooling to 20 or 30°C did little harm. It was also noted that temperatureshocked spermatozoa rapidly died at 37°C.Ram semen was investigated by Gunn, Saunders, and Granger (1942), who found no advantage in slow cooling, but placed the semen in a container at 4°C as soon as collected. A cooling rate of not more than 5°C an hour was recommended by Easley, Mayer, and Bogart (1942) for bull semen, but semen diluted with egg yolk could be cooled rapidly, although sudden cooling to O°C caused significant motility loss. Earlier, Phillips and Lardy (1940) had recommended the use of egg yolk as a protective agent against cold shock and for the storage and transport of semen.Epididymal spermatozoa of the bull and boar have been shown to be very resistant to temperature shock, but after ejaculation the cells have little resistance (Lasley and Bogart 1944;Lasley and Mayer 1944). The addition of egg yolk to the semen before cooling restores resistance.

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A Synthetic Pabulum for the Preservation of Bull Semen

Cited by 37 publications

References 10 publications

Effects of various fractions of egg yolk, BSA, and ovalbumin on sperm motility, and effect of storage on restoration of motility

Effects of various fractions of egg yolk, BSA, and ovalbumin on sperm motility, and effect of storage on restoration of motility

Use of Glutamine and Low Density Lipoproteins Isolated from Egg Yolk to Improve Buck Semen Freezing

The Prevention of Temperature Shock of Bull and Ram Semen

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