Regulation of the heat shock response (HSR) is essential in all living systems. In E. coli, the HSR is regulated by an alternative s factor, s 32 , which is encoded by the rpoH gene. The mRNA of rpoH adopts a complex secondary structure that is critical for the proper translation of the s 32 protein. At low temperatures, the rpoH gene transcript forms a highly structured mRNA containing several three-way junctions, including a rare perfectly paired three-way junction (3WJ). This complex secondary structure serves as a primitive but highly effective strategy for the thermal control of gene expression. In this work, the first small-molecule modulators of the E. coli s 32 mRNA temperature sensor are reported.