A systematic and comprehensive study of Eco-friendly bentonite clay application in esterification and wastewater treatment

Sanavada, Kuldeep; Shah, Manan; Gandhi, Dolly; Unnarkat, Ashish; Vaghasiya, Punit

doi:10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100784

Cited by 10 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 74 publications

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“…In contrast, calcium bentonite, which contains Ca 2+ ions, is less susceptible to water absorption, and is known as a low-swelling bentonite [ 32 , 33 ]. This is also supported by a study conducted by Muhammad and Siddiqua [ 32 ] that reported the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the calcium bentonite with the value of 50 meq/100 g, which is lower than the high swelling-type bentonite (Na), with a range of 80–85 meq/100 g. Other differences include the surface area of the Ca bentonite clay, which is between 60 and 120 m 2 /g, while Na bentonite clay is about 20 to 30 m 2 /g [ 22 ]. The literature also reported the difference in concentrations of chemical compounds present in the calcium and sodium bentonites.…”

Section: Bentonite Clay: Classification Composition and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These offer a secondary impact on the thermal stability and cation exchange capacity of bentonites [ 20 , 21 ]. Among the traditional ceramics, bentonite is one of the inorganic nanofillers most used by researchers in different applications such as civil engineering, iron ore palletization, animal and poultry feed pelletization, paints, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and wastewater treatment [ 22 ]. This is justified because bentonite has a high cation exchange capacity and surface area [ 23 ], and other important properties such as thixotropy, hydration, swelling capacity, the capacity to bond, impermeability, and plasticity [ 22 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal, Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Multifunctional Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers/Bentonite Clay: A Review

Mapossa,

da Silva Júnior,

de Oliveira

et al. 2023

Polymers

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The extensive use of non-biodegradable plastic products has resulted in significant environmental problems caused by their accumulation in landfills and their proliferation into water bodies. Biodegradable polymers offer a potential solution to mitigate these issues through the utilization of renewable resources which are abundantly available and biodegradable, making them environmentally friendly. However, biodegradable polymers face challenges such as relatively low mechanical strength and thermal resistance, relatively inferior gas barrier properties, low processability, and economic viability. To overcome these limitations, researchers are investigating the incorporation of nanofillers, specifically bentonite clay, into biodegradable polymeric matrices. Bentonite clay is an aluminum phyllosilicate with interesting properties such as a high cation exchange capacity, a large surface area, and environmental compatibility. However, achieving complete dispersion of nanoclays in polymeric matrices remains a challenge due to these materials’ hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature. Several methods are employed to prepare polymer–clay nanocomposites, including solution casting, melt extrusion, spraying, inkjet printing, and electrospinning. Biodegradable polymeric nanocomposites are versatile and promising in various industrial applications such as electromagnetic shielding, energy storage, electronics, and flexible electronics. Additionally, combining bentonite clay with other fillers such as graphene can significantly reduce production costs compared to the exclusive use of carbon nanotubes or metallic fillers in the matrix. This work reviews the development of bentonite clay-based composites with biodegradable polymers for multifunctional applications. The composition, structure, preparation methods, and characterization techniques of these nanocomposites are discussed, along with the challenges and future directions in this field.

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Section: Bentonite Clay: Classification Composition and Structurementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal, Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Multifunctional Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers/Bentonite Clay: A Review

Mapossa,

da Silva Júnior,

de Oliveira

et al. 2023

Polymers

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“…Esters are a class of organic compounds that can be synthesized by the chemical reaction known as esterification. Esterification is an alternative to transesterification in the context of biodiesel production [116,117] . Ester and water are the products of the esterification reaction, which involves an alcohol like methanol and a carboxylic acid.…”

Section: Biodiesel Production Pathwaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Esterification is an alternative to transesterification in the context of biodiesel production. [116,117] Ester and water are the products of the esterification reaction, which involves an alcohol like methanol and a carboxylic acid. The non-edible oil feedstock is the source of the carboxylic acid used in biodiesel manufacturing.…”

Section: Esterificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Biodiesel Production, Analysis, and Emission Characteristics from Non‐Edible Feedstocks

Jamil

2023

ChemistrySelect

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Biodiesel produced from different edible and non‐edible feedstocks is a viable alternative option for fueling a combustion engine. However, the widespread use of edible sources for biodiesel production may lead to food versus fuel controversy. Oil from non‐edible feedstock is best possible solution for problems that inhibits biodiesel production on commercial scale. This study presents the potential of different non‐edible feedstock for biodiesel production. Several aspects such as extraction technologies used for extracting oil from non‐edible sources and biodiesel production pathways from non‐edible feedstocks are discussed. The quality of biodiesel should be assured before its commercialization by different physical and chemical characterization techniques are used. In particular, the emission comparison of biodiesel derived from the different non‐edible feedstocks is discussed. Based on this study, the non‐edible feedstocks have the potential to produce biodiesel but still it has a long way to go. This is due to non‐edible feedstock is in the R&D phase and needs more research to eliminate additional treatment steps compared to edible feedstock for economic aspects. Furthermore, there has been a trade off in emission properties of biodiesels produced from non‐edible feedstocks which must be removed or evaluated for pilot scale investigations before commercialization.

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“…It serves as a buffer material for various safety functions within these barriers [10][11][12]. One of its key attributes is its ability to expand when groundwater infiltrates from the surrounding bedrock, creating a low-permeability barrier [13]. This lowpermeability quality effectively hinders the transport of contaminants while offering sites for the sorption of cationic radionuclide species and colloid filtration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Water/Cement/Bentonite Ratio Used for Construction of Cut-Off Walls

Barbu,

Sabău,

Manoli

et al. 2023

Buildings

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In recent years, because of the continuous expansion of urban areas, an increased necessity to isolate historically polluted sites by means of artificial, flexible, low-permeability barriers has emerged. Moreover, due to cost and efficiency considerations, various combinations of materials that fulfill the previously stated requirements have been proposed. On the basis of a literature review, this paper analyses the relationships between water, cement, and bentonite, and the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting material created in combination with standard sand introduced in the mixture using a ratio of 2:1 with respect to the solid part of the mixture (cement and bentonite). The quantity of standard sand was established following previous research conducted by the authors. The relation between water, cement, and bentonite is analyzed through properties such as viscosity, permeability, and undrained cohesion, and the representation of mixtures and their corresponding parameters was carried out using a ternary diagram. This paper provides a graphical approach to finding the optimum water/bentonite/cement mixture required for barrier design, taking into account permeability, undrained cohesion, and mixture viscosity.

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A systematic and comprehensive study of Eco-friendly bentonite clay application in esterification and wastewater treatment

Cited by 10 publications

References 74 publications

Thermal, Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Multifunctional Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers/Bentonite Clay: A Review

Thermal, Morphological and Mechanical Properties of Multifunctional Composites Based on Biodegradable Polymers/Bentonite Clay: A Review

A Review on Biodiesel Production, Analysis, and Emission Characteristics from Non‐Edible Feedstocks

Analysis of the Water/Cement/Bentonite Ratio Used for Construction of Cut-Off Walls

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