A systematic procedure for the identification of emerging chemical risks in the food and feed chain

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doi:10.2903/sp.efsa.2014.en-547

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…MP contamination of aquatic environments is expected to rise, hand-in-hand with the continuous rise in plastic production, use and waste [16][17][18][19][20]. MPs have also entered the food web, thus becoming an emerging food safety issue and risk [21][22][23][24][25]. Emerging risk in terms of food safety is defined as a risk posed by possible significant exposures to a recently identified (emerging) hazard [26,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastic contamination of drinking water: A systematic review

2020

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Background Microplastics (MPs) are omnipresent in the environment, including the human food chain; a likely important contributor to human exposure is drinking water. Objective To undertake a systematic review of MP contamination of drinking water and estimate quantitative exposures. Methods The protocol for the systematic review employed has been published in PROSPERO (PROSPERO 2019, Registration number: CRD42019145290). MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science were searched from launch to the 3rd of June 2020, selecting studies that used procedural blank samples and a validated method for particle composition analysis. Studies were reviewed within a narrative analysis. A bespoke risk of bias (RoB) assessment tool was used. Results 12 studies were included in the review: six of tap water (TW) and six of bottled water (BW). Meta-analysis was not appropriate due to high statistical heterogeneity (I 2 >95%). Seven studies were rated low RoB and all confirmed MP contamination of drinking water. The most common polymers identified in samples were polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP), Methodological variability was observed throughout the experimental protocols. For example, the minimum size of particles extracted and analysed, which varied from 1 to 100 μm, was seen to be critical in the data reported. The maximum reported MP contamination was 628 MPs/L for TW and 4889 MPs/L for BW, detected in European samples. Based on typical consumption data, this may be extrapolated to a maximum yearly human adult uptake of 458,000 MPs for TW and 3,569,000 MPs for BW.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastic contamination of drinking water: A systematic review

2020

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“…In the last few decades, there has been increasing awareness about azole compounds, a class of anti-fungal chemicals, currently used as pesticides and as active principles in therapeutic and personal care products [7]. Triazole and imidazole fungicides can be found as contaminants in many environmental matrices, such as surface water and sediment, soil, as well as in agricultural products, due to their physical and chemical characteristics, of which Antioxidants 2023, 12, 1142 2 of 17 low biodegradability and volatility and high physico-chemical persistence are noted [7,8]. Azoles act by inhibiting the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the main membrane constituent of fungal cells, directly blocking lanosterol-14α-demethylase (CYP51) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Azoles Combinatorial Mixtures in Sertoli TM4 Cells

et al. 2023

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Triazole and imidazole fungicides are an emerging class of contaminants with an increasing and ubiquitous presence in the environment. In mammals, their reproductive toxicity has been reported. Concerning male reproduction, a combinatorial activity of tebuconazole (TEB; triazole fungicide) and econazole (ECO; imidazole compound) in inducing mitochondrial impairment, energy depletion, cell cycle arrest, and the sequential activation of autophagy and apoptosis in Sertoli TM4 cells (SCs) has recently been demonstrated. Given the strict relationship between mitochondrial activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the causative role of oxidative stress (OS) in male reproductive dysfunction, the individual and combined potential of TEB and ECO in inducing redox status alterations and OS was investigated. Furthermore, considering the impact of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) in modulating male fertility, protein expression levels were assessed. In the present study, we demonstrate that azoles-induced cytotoxicity is associated with a significant increase in ROS production, a drastic reduction in superoxide dismutase (SOD) and GSH-S-transferase activity levels, and a marked increase in the levels of oxidized (GSSG) glutathione. Exposure to azoles also induced COX-2 expression and increased TNF-α production. Furthermore, pre-treatment with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) mitigates ROS accumulation, attenuates COX-2 expression and TNF-α production, and rescues SCs from azole-induced apoptosis, suggesting a ROS-dependent molecular mechanism underlying the azole-induced cytotoxicity.

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“…Without a real need, capitalism has let people crave unnecessary amounts of food and food products, ultimately fostering the deleterious environmental impact caused by this massive request [1]. Along with the impact generated by food production (i.e., factory intensive livestock, deforesting for farming, river diversion), the environment suffers enormously from the pollution generated by the agri-food chain waste (biowaste), its improper handling and disposal [1][2][3][4][5][6].…”

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confidence: 99%

“…Biowaste reaches, globally, a billion tons per year, and it has been estimated that more than 70% in weight of the starting biological material is disposed of. Biowaste is mainly composed by unprocessed agricultural by-products (organic materials, suspended solids, nitrogenous compounds, oils and grease) as well as by 2nd-best food products, whose exterior appearance does not fulfil the aesthetic requirement imposed by the globalized modern market [3,6]. Biowaste is endowed with high biological instability and high organic loading.…”

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confidence: 99%

Genotoxic Assessment of Nutraceuticals Obtained from Agricultural Biowaste: Where Do We “AMES”?

et al. 2022

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Several pharmaceutical companies are nowadays considering the use of agri-food waste as alternative raw material for the extraction of bioactive compounds to include in nutraceuticals and food supplements. This recycling activity is encountering the support of authorities, which are alarmed by air, soil and water pollution generated by agricultural waste disposal. Waste reuse has several economic advantages: (i) its low cost; (ii) its abundance; (iii) the high content of bioactive molecule (antioxidants, minerals, fibers, fatty acids); as well as (iv) the financial support received by governments eager to promote eco-compatible and pollution-reducing practices. While nutraceuticals produced from biowaste are becoming popular, products that have been risk-assessed in terms of safety are quite rare. This despite waste biomass, in virtue of its chemical complexity, could, in many cases, mine the overall safety of the final nutraceutical product. In this review, we summarize the scientific results published on genotoxicity risk-assessment of bioactive compounds extracted from agricultural waste. The review depicts a scenario where the risk-assessment of biowaste derived products is still scarcely diffuse, but when available, it confirms the safety of these products, and lets us envisage their future inclusion in the list of botanicals allowed for formulation intended for human consumption.

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A systematic procedure for the identification of emerging chemical risks in the food and feed chain

Cited by 6 publications

References 30 publications

Microplastic contamination of drinking water: A systematic review

Microplastic contamination of drinking water: A systematic review

Oxidative Stress, Cytotoxic and Inflammatory Effects of Azoles Combinatorial Mixtures in Sertoli TM4 Cells

Genotoxic Assessment of Nutraceuticals Obtained from Agricultural Biowaste: Where Do We “AMES”?

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