A systematic review and meta-analysis of the potential non-human animal reservoirs and arthropod vectors of the Mayaro virus

Abstract

Improving our understanding of Mayaro virus (MAYV) ecology is critical to guide surveillance and risk assessment. We conducted a PRISMA-adherent systematic review of the published and grey literature to identify potential arthropod vectors and non-human animal reservoirs of MAYV. We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, SciELO and grey-literature sources including PAHO databases and dissertation repositories. Studies were included if they assessed MAYV virological/immunological measured occurrence in field-caught, domestic, or sentinel animals or in field-caught arthropods. We conducted an animal seroprevalence meta-analysis using a random effects model. We compiled granular georeferenced maps of non-human MAYV occurrence and graded the quality of the studies using a customized framework. Overall, 57 studies were eligible out of 1523 screened, published between the years 1961 and 2020. Seventeen studies reported MAYV positivity in wild mammals, birds, or reptiles and five studies reported MAYV positivity in domestic animals. MAYV positivity was reported in 12 orders of wild-caught vertebrates, most frequently in the orders Charadriiformes and Primate. Sixteen studies detected MAYV in wild-caught mosquito genera including Haemagogus, Aedes, Culex, Psorophora, Coquillettidia, and Sabethes. Vertebrate animals or arthropods with MAYV were detected in Brazil, Panama, Peru, French Guiana, Colombia, Trinidad, Venezuela, Argentina, and Paraguay. Among non-human vertebrates, the Primate order had the highest pooled seroprevalence at 13.1% (95% CI: 4.3–25.1%). From the three most studied primate genera we found the highest seroprevalence was in Alouatta (32.2%, 95% CI: 0.0–79.2%), followed by Callithrix (17.8%, 95% CI: 8.6–28.5%), and Cebus/Sapajus (3.7%, 95% CI: 0.0–11.1%). We further found that MAYV occurs in a wide range of vectors beyond Haemagogus spp. The quality of evidence behind these findings was variable and prompts calls for standardization of reporting of arbovirus occurrence. These findings support further risk emergence prediction, guide field surveillance efforts, and prompt further in-vivo studies to better define the ecological drivers of MAYV maintenance and potential for emergence.

Dynamic of Mayaro virus transmission betweenAedes aegyptiandCulex quinquefasciatusmosquitoes and a mice model

“…These viruses are responsible for outbreaks and epidemics all over the world. Mayaro virus is considered an emerging arbovirus and increasing number of human's cases has been reported in several Latin American countries (10,12). Currently, there is no large scale and ongoing urban transmission cycle of this virus although it may be eminent in the next years.…”

“…and non-human primates as vertebrate hosts. However, other species, such as from genus Mansonia, Culex, Sabethes, Aedes and also other vertebrate hosts (rodents and reptiles) may be involved in the transmission cycle (12)(13)(14)(15). Once this virus has a large host range and is able to infect various vertebrates and be transmitted by different mosquito vectors, an important concern is its introduction in urban areas.…”

Neglected Arboviruses in Latin America

“…MAYV is more frequently detected in other countries, in addition to Trinidad and Tobago, Brazil, and Peru. It has also been identified in Panama, French Guiana, Colombia, Argentina, Venezuela, and Paraguay [49,50]. Studies have reported MAYV positivity in wild mammals, birds, or reptiles, as well as in domestic animals.…”

“…Also, 12 orders of wildcaught vertebrates, most frequently in Charadriiformes and primate orders, have been identified with MAYV. This alphavirus has been detected in wild-caught mosquito genera, including Haemagogus, Aedes, Culex, Psorophora, Coquillettidia, and Sabethes [49]. Although MAYV has been identified in urban vectors, there is no evidence of sustained urban transmission.…”

Retrospective molecular investigation of Mayaro and Oropouche viruses at the human-animal interface in West-central Brazil, 2016–2018

“…MAYV is believed to be primarily maintained in enzootic cycles of transmission involving mainly non-human primates such as the Silvery ( Mico argentatus ), Santarem ( Mico humeralifer ), and White ( Mico leucippe ) marmosets, and acrodendrophilic mosquito species as Haemagogus janthinomys , which is also the main vector of YFV in Brazil [ 7 ]. Several other studies have demonstrated that not only other species of vertebrates, but also vectors have been found infected and can potentially participate in MAYV cycles of transmission [ 16 – 19 ]. Because MAYV and YFV share the same main vector and have a similar enzootic cycle of transmission, MAYV has been historically detected during yellow fever outbreaks reported in the north region of the country [ 7 ].…”