“…Only 18 supervision-client outcome studies were conducted from 1981 to 2006 (Watkins, 2011a), and the vast majority of these studies were marked by several methodological shortcomings. Shortcomings included 1) lack of manuals operationalizing supervision, 2) insufficient documentation of supervisor training, 3) failure to demonstrate supervision integrity, 4) poorly defined and psychometrically weak instruments to measure clinician and client outcomes, 5) very small sample sizes of supervisors and clinicians reducing power for hypothesis testing, 6) inclusion of clinicians unrepresentative of community program service providers, and 7) no comparison or control conditions, random assignment, or routine follow-up assessments (Ellis & Ladany,1997; Ellis et al, 1996; Herschell et al, 2010; Holloway & Neufeldt, 1995; Reisner & Milne, 2014; Roth, Pilling, & Turner, 2010; Watkins, 2011a; Schoenwald et al, 2009). Moreover, none of the studies controlled for the effect of seminars or workshops that preceded supervision.…”