“…Parents can also effectively promote their infant's growth and development by performing massage (Niemi, 2017) and regularly reading or singing to their infant (Caskey, Stephens, Tucker, & Vohr, 2014;Palazzi, Nunes, & Piccinini, 2018;Scala et al, 2018). With training and support, parents can successfully perform infant pain assessment and provide interventions to prevent or lessen pain (e.g., touch, voice, skin-to-skin contact, and other nonpharmacological comfort measures) from common NICU procedures (Campbell-Yeo, Fernandes, & Johnston, 2011;Franck, Oulton, & Bruce, 2012;Hatfield, Murphy, Karp, & Polomano, 2019). Parents can also assist in monitoring infant apnea and bradycardia, administering feeds and oral medicines, and participate in other caregiving tasks .…”