A Systematic Review of Civil and Environmental Infrastructures for Coastal Adaptation to Sea Level Rise

Abstract

<jats:p>Rising levels of seas and oceans due to global warming could drastically affect the daily lives of residents in coastal belts and lowland areas. Many of the most heavily populated regions in the world have been developed on the shorelines. Sea-level rise could directly affect the serviceability of urban structures and infrastructures of coastal regions; effects may include intrusion of salt water into drinking water resources, submergence of roads and railways, flowing of seawater into wastewater networks, and exacerbating land subsidence. These reasons have urged climate-change and infrastructure resilience researchers to focus on methods for prediction and prevention of SLR effects on urbanization systems. Most of the studies have concentrated on environmental aspects or modeling of flooding, however, there is a lack of research on behavior of urban lifelines for long-term planning. Hence, the resilience of coastal cities has become of more interest in recent years. This paper presents a meta- analysis and review of existing literatures on the impacts of SLR on civil infrastructure. We categorize these impacts based on different types of infrastructures (e.g. water, transportation, energy) and regions. The review provides i) an intensive coverage of the existing literature on adaptations ii) an exploration of current gaps and challenges in civil infrastructures in different regions of the world and iii) the engineering perspective of SLR besides managing directions to be useful for engineers, advisory committees, policy makers, and scholars for future studies.</jats:p>

Development of Low Cost Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Platform

“…In the UNSW Canberra workshop, a torpedo-shaped underwater vehicle prototype is constructed as a demonstration of the concepts of the underwater vehicle, which comprises of three segments; nose cone, body (middle section), and tail cone. Hassanein et al (2011Hassanein et al ( , 2013. The nose and tail cone moulds are made up of Stayfoam, then wrapped with fiberglass and those are wet sections to decrease the buoyancy force.…”

“…12. Eventually, the AUV parameter values are measured and indicated in Table 1 (Hassanein et al, 2013).…”

“…The AUVs is modeled via the analysis of statics and dynamics. The first is for the equilibrium of a body at rest or moving at constant speed and the second is the body experiencing accelerated movement (Hassanein et al, 2011(Hassanein et al, , 2013). The coordinate system and specifications of the motion parameters should…”

“…The fourth category of UVs, the AUVs, are fully autonomous underwater platforms capable of conducting underwater operations and activities and have their own sensor, control and payload equipment (Blidberg, 2001). The key benefit of an AUV is that a human operator is not required, is cheaper than a manually driven vehicle, and is able to work that is too risky for a human being (Alt, 2003;Caccia, 2006;Side and Junku, 2005;Smallwood David and Whitcomb, 2004) like monitoring of rising levels of seas (Hadi et al, 2020). In the 1980s, innovation and software developments enhanced the research to facilitate the design and implementation of sophisticated autonomous system (Blidberg, 2001).…”

“…Jet propulsion is another method influenced by the natural locomotion of squids and other cephalopods, whereby water is pulled into a wide cavity and expelled through a nozzle at a high momentum to propel the vehicle forward (Griffiths et al, 2000). This gives the potential of an AUV to carry out low-speed maneuvering without impacting the forward drag on its structure.…”