A Systematic Review of Driver Ingress and Egress Using Passenger Vehicles: Considerations for Designers

Abstract

Identifying ingress and egress strategies is an important area of research in the automotive sector. Determining ingress and egress strategies can lead to safer vehicle design that reduce fall risk and improve comfort. In this systematic review, we examined studies related to ingress and egress in passenger vehicles after searching for various databases. We found 9 primary articles (of 608), all published in English. The results of the present research synthesis show that participants reported challenges with doorway height, sill height during ingress and egress, as well as will width during egress. There are also various ingress and egress strategies employed by drivers. However, ingress and egress strategies did not differ significantly by sample characteristics (i.e., age, height) or vehicle type. Roof height was not a factor of ingress and egress strategies although a large sill width may increase the risk of adverse events during egress. Future studies need to incorporate larger and more heterogeneous samples (i.e., healthy versus non-healthy, younger versus older adults) and relate participant characteristics (i.e., age, gender, height, weight) and the use of hands (along with force measurements) with ingress and egress strategies. Additionally, changes in vehicle design should be modelled with comfort ratings using metrics and loss functions to determine the optimal point between comfort and safety. This is the first review of the ingress and egress literature to summarize important findings and provide directions for future research.

Ergonomic Testing for the Design of an Innovative Mail Delivery Vehicle: A Physical Mock-up Case Study

“…This might be explained by the fact that a high HW tended to create a large envelope around the passenger compartment, enforcing tall participants to bend so as to get in and out of the vehicle. This statement is in accordance with the fact that a large sill width of passenger compartment may increase the risk of adverse events, especially during egress [35]. We thus concluded that a HW of 750 mm (HW3) has to be avoided.…”

Older Adults and Vehicle Design

“…We were also interested in examining perceptions of older drivers with mobility impairments by exploring how they managed vehicle entry and exit by joining them on routine tasks involving their automobile. Although the movements required to enter and exit a vehicle seems relatively simple, a recent systematic review of ingress and egress studies (Crizzle et al, 2014) highlighted the complexity of movements involved. As noted previously, many older drivers are injured getting into and out of a vehicle (Dellinger et al, 2008).…”

Ergonomic evaluation on the manufacturing shop floor: A review of hardware and software technologies

“…The application of DHM is useful for reduction of project time-scale (Karmakar and Patel, 2014), decreased design and manufacturing cost (Berlin and Kajaks, 2010;Karmakar and Patel, 2014;Mukhopadhyay et al, 2012), lower occupational hazards (Karmakar and Patel, 2014), improved quality of products (Karmakar and Patel, 2014;Mukhopadhyay et al, 2012), increased productivity and greater efficiency (Karmakar and Patel, 2014;Mukhopadhyay et al, 2012). The DHM functions by enhancing the visualization of the interaction of a human-workstation system both in the vehicle manufacturing shop floor (Crizzle, 2013), in which it is employed to evaluate the optimal relation between safety and comfort, as well as in an agricultural shop floor (Patel et al, 2013).…”

“…and Delmia (Berlin and Kajaks, 2010;. The computer manikins (DHM) which are algorithms specifically developed for ergonomic evaluations include Anybody Technology (Berlin and Kajaks, 2010;Bossomaier et al, 2010;Mukhopadhyay et al, 2012), 3DSSPP TM (Mukhopadhyay et al, 2012), Tecnomatic , SantosHuman (Crizzle, 2013;, HumoSim (Crizzle, 2013), HandiMan (Crizzle, 2013), Hadrian , Santos (Berlin and Kajaks, 2010; and Ergonaut (Patel et al, 2013), which is used in virtual Environment for ergonomic evaluations.…”