A Systematic Review of Exercise Training To Promote Locomotor Recovery in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury

Battistuzzo, Camila R; Callister, Robert J.; Callister, Robin; Galea, Mary P.

doi:10.1089/neu.2011.2199

Cited by 87 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…In veterinary literature, SW is rarely described in dogs4, 20, 21, 22, 23 and most of studies report SW gait development in training cats experimentally spinalized 14, 15, 16, 19, 20…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of Involuntary Spinal Locomotion (Spinal Walking) in Dogs with Irreversible Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Lesion: 81 Dogs

Gallucci

Dragone²,

Menchetti

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundSpinal walking (SW) is described as the acquisition of an involuntary motor function in paraplegic dogs and cats without pain perception affected by a thoracolumbar lesion. Whereas spinal locomotion is well described in cats that underwent training trials after experimental spinal cord resection, less consistent information is available for dogs.HypothesisParaplegic dogs affected by a thoracolumbar complete spinal cord lesion undergoing intensive physical rehabilitation could acquire an autonomous SW gait under field conditions.AnimalsEighty‐one acute paraplegic thoracolumbar dogs without pelvic limb pain perception.MethodsRetrospective study of medical records of dogs selected for intensive rehabilitation treatment in paraplegic dogs with absence of pain perception on admission and during the whole treatment. Binary regression and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze potential associations with the development of SW.ResultsAutonomous SW was achieved in 48 dogs (59%). Median time to achieve SW was of 75.5 days (range: 16–350 days). On univariate analysis, SW gait was associated with younger age (P = .002) and early start of physiotherapy (P = .024). Multivariate logistic regression showed that younger age (≤60 months) and lightweight (≤7.8 kg) were positively associated with development of SW (P = .012 and P < .001, respectively). BCS, full‐time hospitalization, and type and site of the lesion were not significantly associated with development of SW.ConclusionsDogs with irreversible thoracolumbar lesion undergoing intensive physiotherapic treatment can acquire SW. Younger age and lightweight are positively associated with the development of SW gait.

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“…In veterinary literature, SW is rarely described in dogs4, 20, 21, 22, 23 and most of studies report SW gait development in training cats experimentally spinalized 14, 15, 16, 19, 20…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Acquisition of Involuntary Spinal Locomotion (Spinal Walking) in Dogs with Irreversible Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Lesion: 81 Dogs

Gallucci

Dragone²,

Menchetti

et al. 2017

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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“…21,22 Thus, the intrinsic spinal locomotion in quadrupeds may mainly prove to be an important hurdle for clinically translatable assessment of SCI and spinal cord regeneration in rats and other quadrupeds. Further investigation, using selective spinal cord lesions, will be required to demonstrate which major descending and/or ascending tracts are required for rat backward locomotor ability, and whether reconnectivity in any of these tracts indeed corresponds with subsequent recovery.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Translation of the rat thoracic contusion model; part 2 — forward versus backward locomotion testing

et al. 2014

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Study design: Experimental animal study. Objectives: Locomotion analyses in rat spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) models are widely used for the evaluation of recovery of supraspinal locomotor control. However, many commonly used locomotion tests are inadequate to test for spinal cord integrity as they assess motor function that can be highly mediated through below-level propriospinal pattern-generating circuitry, independently of below-level perception. Here we report a behavioral motor test that is more sensitive for spinal cord integrity, even 6 weeks after injury: the backward locomotion rotating rod. Setting: University of California -San Diego. Methods: A modified rotating rod test was run in reverse. The rod diameter was increased and thin rubber lining was added. As a reference, we included commonly used motor tests: BBB score, catwalk gait analysis, motor-evoked potentials, single frame analyses, a forward rotating rod test and the 551 inclined ladder test. Results: Unlike commonly used motor tests, the backward locomotion rotating rod test significantly discriminates between both sham-operated (falling latency: 20.4 s s.d. ± 4.5) vs mild SCI animals, and mild vs moderate SCI animals (differences between each group at acute, subacute and chronic phases: X6 s, Pp0.01). Moderate SCI animals were practically unable to make even slight backward hindpaw movements. The backward locomotion ability in the chronic phase correlates best with BBB locomotor scores from the acute phase. Conclusion: Our data show that backward locomotion is a highly sensitive and quick test to discriminate between sham, mild and moderate SCI, even after 6 weeks. Backward locomotion testing may improve the translational value of experimental results for the clinic.

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“…[38][39][40][41] In addition to epidural stimulation, treadmill and other rehabilitative therapies have harnessed the intrinsic lumbar spinal cord circuitry after injury to a higher spinal level (cervical or thoracic). 42,43 It would be of interest to examine these techniques in using spared gray/white matter after lumbar SCI to determine efficacy when the lumbar circuitry is the site of injury. This could provide a distinction between the capability of therapies to return lost function, or simply lower the activity threshold for circuitry that was not included in the injury.…”

Section: Neurobehavioral Recoverymentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Acute Impact-Compression Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury Model in the Rodent

Moonen

Satkunendrarajah

Wilcox

et al. 2016

Journal of Neurotrauma

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Traumatic injury to the lumbar spinal cord results in complex central and peripheral nervous tissue damage causing significant neurobehavioral deficits and personal/social adversity. Although lumbar cord injuries are common in humans, there are few clinically relevant models of lumbar spinal cord injury (SCI). This article describes a novel lumbar SCI model in the rat. The effects of moderate (20 g), moderate-to-severe (26 g) and severe (35 g, and 56 g) clip impactcompression injuries at the lumbar spinal cord level L1-L2 (vertebral level T11-T12) were assessed using several neurobehavioral, neuroanatomical, and electrophysiological outcome measures. Lesions were generated after meticulous anatomical landmarking using microCT, followed by laminectomy and extradural inclusion of central and radicular elements to generate a traumatic SCI. Clinically relevant outcomes, such as MR and ultrasound imaging, were paired with robust morphometry. Analysis of the lesional tissue demonstrated that pronounced tissue loss and cavitation occur throughout the acute to chronic phases of injury. Behavioral testing revealed significant deficits in locomotion, with no evidence of hindlimb weight-bearing or hindlimb-forelimb coordination in any injured group. Evaluation of sensory outcomes revealed highly pathological alterations including mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia indicated by increasing avoidance responses and decreasing latency in the tail-flick test. Deficits in spinal tracts were confirmed by electrophysiology showing increased latency and decreased amplitude of both sensory and motor evoked potentials (SEP/MEP), and increased plantar H-reflex indicating an increase in motor neuron excitability. This is a comprehensive lumbar SCI model and should be useful for evaluation of translationally oriented pre-clinical therapies.

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A Systematic Review of Exercise Training To Promote Locomotor Recovery in Animal Models of Spinal Cord Injury

Cited by 87 publications

References 78 publications

Acquisition of Involuntary Spinal Locomotion (Spinal Walking) in Dogs with Irreversible Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Lesion: 81 Dogs

Acquisition of Involuntary Spinal Locomotion (Spinal Walking) in Dogs with Irreversible Thoracolumbar Spinal Cord Lesion: 81 Dogs

Translation of the rat thoracic contusion model; part 2 — forward versus backward locomotion testing

A New Acute Impact-Compression Lumbar Spinal Cord Injury Model in the Rodent

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