A Systematic Review of HPM Energy Absorbers for Building Applications

Abstract

A modern weapon, high power microwave (HPM) pulses, can have a profound effect on the quality of functioning of society as the use of this weapon can result in damage to or destruction of electronic equipment and computer and telecommunications systems, both military and civilian. Protection against the energy of HPM pulses can be achieved in two basic ways: by using radiation-absorbent materials (RAM) or artificial electromagnetic (EM) structures. If the object to be protected is a building, protection based on RAM is used. Hence, this literature review focuses on the possibilities of using HPM energy absorbers in building products and structures. Attention is concentrated on four basic types of elements: claddings, concrete and mortar, small-sized elements (bricks, hollow masonry units), and paint coatings. In each of the categories, examples of HPM radiation absorbers having a high potential to be combined with basic construction materials are given on the basis of the literature on the subject.

Ultrathin absorber with independently tunable dual-resonances for terahertz sensing

“…The first ever engineered subwavelength structure of metamaterial was investigated and reported by Landy et al in 2008 [24]. This breakthrough opened up new research avenues and sparked tremendous interest in the development of metamaterials across various spectral ranges, including microwave, infrared, and terahertz frequencies [25][26][27]. Indeed, earlier metamaterial absorbers that focused on noble metals had certain limitations such as fixed shapes, fixed absorption responses and lack of tunability.…”

Evaluation of Mechanical Properties and HPM Pulse Shielding Effectiveness of Cement-Based Composites

“…There are several materials that can be used as microwave radiation-absorbing admixtures [13] to modify basic building materials, as described in detail by the authors of [14,15].…”

“…There are several materials that can be used as microwave radiation-absorbing admixtures [13] to modify basic building materials, as described in detail by the authors of [14,15]. Among them, there are carbon-based materials, such as graphite [16], coke, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes [17], graphene [18,19], fly ash [20,21], and carbon black [22].…”