A systematic review of HRV during diving in very cold water

Lundell, Richard V; Ojanen, Tommi

doi:10.1080/22423982.2023.2203369

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The most interesting observation in our work was the rapid recovery of HRV parameters after surfacing. Still, it is to be remembered that the results of HRV are influenced by multiple factors like basal heart rate, a stressful life, and the presence of positive cardiovascular risk factors [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. On the other hand, recovery after HRV measures can differ depending on personal adaptational processes, the consumption of food and beverages that can trigger HRV activity, muscle mass management, level of condition, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, recovery after HRV measures can differ depending on personal adaptational processes, the consumption of food and beverages that can trigger HRV activity, muscle mass management, level of condition, etc. [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Since there was a rise in LF after surfacing, we suggest that the sympathetic activity changed during dives, and its effect on various body regions should be the subject of further investigations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Depth of SCUBA Diving Affects Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System

Vulić,

Milovanovic,

Obad

et al. 2024

Pathophysiology

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The present study investigated the influence of SCUBA dives with compressed air at depths of 10 and 20 m on ECG-derived HRV parameters in apparently healthy individuals. We hypothesized that cardiac sympathetic activity (measured by HRV parameters) adapts proportionally to diving depth, and that both time- and frequency-domain parameters are sensitive enough to track changes in cardiac ANS function during diving activities and subsequently during the recovery period. Eleven healthy middle-aged recreational divers (nine men and two women, age 43 ± 8, all nonsmokers) volunteered to participate in the present study. The participants (all open-circuit divers) were equipped with dry suits and ECG Holter devices and were later randomly assigned to dive pairs and depths (10 m vs. 20 m), and each participant served as his or her own control. No interaction effects (diving depth x time epoch) were found for the most commonly used HRV markers. More precisely, in response to two different diving protocols, a significant post hoc effect of time was observed for HR and SDNN, as these parameters transiently decreased during the dives and returned to baseline after ascent (p < 0.001). The ULF, VLF (p < 0.003), TP, and LF parameters decreased significantly during the dives, while HF significantly increased (p < 0.003). SCUBA diving apparently challenges the cardiac ANS, even in healthy individuals. The observed changes reveal possible underwater methods of influencing the parasympathetic activity of the heart depending on the depth of the dive. These results identify autonomic nervous system markers to track the cardiovascular risk related to diving and point to the possibility of tracking cardiovascular system benefits during underwater activities in selected patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth of SCUBA Diving Affects Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System

Vulić,

Milovanovic,

Obad

et al. 2024

Pathophysiology

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“…Sudden cold water immersion, combining stimulation of the skin cold receptors of the facial region and remaining parts of the body results in concomitant elicitation of both PNS and SNS activity, referred to as autonomic conflict [ 25 ], which may give rise to arrhythmias. With this in mind, Lundell et al [ 26 ] evaluated the SNS and PNS activity of divers conducting a series of cold water dives (based on an analysis of heart rate variability). Concomitant increases in PNS and SNS activity were observed at the onset of the dive; thereafter, PNS activity increased over the course of the dive, whereas SNS activity remained reduced.…”

Section: Cold Immersion and Diving Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human performance and medical treatment during cold weather operations – synthesis of a symposium

Mekjavic,

Norheim,

Friedl

2023

International Journal of Circumpolar Health

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In October 2022, the Human Factors and Medicine (HFM) panel of the NATO Science and Technology Organization convened a review of progress in military biomedical research for cold weather operations. This paper represents a summary of the research presentations and future directions. The importance of realistic training was an overarching theme. Many reported studies took advantage of cold weather training exercises to monitor soldiers’ health and performance; these are valuable data, using winter exercises as a platform to gain further knowledge regarding human performance in the cold and represent an excellent extension of controlled laboratory studies. Topics also included prevention of Cold Weather Injuries (CWI); effects of cold weather stressors on cognitive function; field treatment of freezing cold injuries (FCI); and new consideration to injury and trauma care in the cold. Future work programmes re-emphasise development of cold weather training and establishment of consensus diagnostic criteria and treatments for FCI and non-FCI. CWI prevention should take advantage of biomathematical models that predict risk of CWI and provide guidance regarding optimal clothing and equipment and move from group averages to personalised predictions. The publication of selected presentations from the symposium in this special issue increases attention to military cold weather research.

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