A systematic review of methods to measure menstrual blood loss

Magnay, Julia L.; O’Brien, Shaughn; Gerlinger, Christoph; Seitz, Christian

doi:10.1186/s12905-018-0627-8

Cited by 78 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 98 publications

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“…Despite the body of evidence suggesting that NSAIDs treat menstrual blood loss among Cu-IUD users, the variation by which menstrual blood loss is measured makes comparisons with our ndings di cult [28]. Most prior studies used an objective measure of menstrual blood loss, which requires the burdensome task of study participants saving their used sanitary pads and transporting them back to the research team for processing by alkaline hematin technique [7].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

A randomized-controlled pilot study on the effects of naproxen for the treatment of bleeding and spotting among new Copper T 380A IUD users

Godfrey

Andrilla

Odem‐Davis³

2020

Preprint

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Background: The most common reason women report discontinued use of the Copper T 380A (TCu380A) IUD is because of bleeding irregularities after method initiation. The objective of this study was to determine whether an over-the-counter NSAID, naproxen sodium, reduces the number of bleeding and spotting days and heavy or prolonged bleeding episodes among new users of the TCu380A IUD compared to placebo.Methods: In this double-blind pilot trial, we randomized 28 new TCu380A IUD users who reported menstrual cycle changes within 4-6 weeks after IUD placement to either naproxen 440 mg or placebo twice daily for 7 days for three consecutive 28-day cycles and one additional 28-day cycle without treatment. Participants completed a daily bleeding and other symptom diary, and monthly questionnaires. Results: Although not statistically significant, participants in the naproxen arm reported more mean number of spotting-only days during the three treatment cycles compared those in the placebo group (13.5 days (SE 5.1) vs.7.5 days (SE 1.7), respectively). Otherwise, the mean number of bleeding-only days during treatment and post-treatment and spotting-only post-treatment were similar between the groups. During each treatment cycle, fewer participants in the treatment group reported heavy bleeding compared to placebo group (30.7% fewer in cycle 2; 5.4% fewer in cycle 3). More women in the treatment group, however, reported prolonged menstrual bleeding of greater than 7 days for each cycle, although the percentage reporting prolonged bleeding decreased each consecutive treatment and post-treatment cycle (+27.5%, +19.8%, +9.1%, +4.5%, cycles 1-4 respectively). Other symptoms experienced by new TCu380A users did not differ between the study arms.Conclusions: Treatment with naproxen did not significantly reduce the number of bleeding or spotting days among new TCu380A users. Although not statistically different, proportionally fewer participants in the naproxen group reported moderate-heavy or heavy periods, but more reported prolonged menstrual bleeding compared to placebo. Participants tolerated oral naproxen use well.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02519231. Registered on August 10 2015.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

A randomized-controlled pilot study on the effects of naproxen for the treatment of bleeding and spotting among new Copper T 380A IUD users

Godfrey

Andrilla

Odem‐Davis³

2020

Preprint

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“…The Higham chart is based on the number of sanitary pads consumed along with the amount of blood absorbed onto per cc. The Higham chart is considered one of the most useful, valid, and reliable measures for vaginal bleeding;[ 12 ] and (iii) assessment of the complications of the drugs namely nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, fatigue, low abdominal pain, headache, chills, and fever evaluated within the first 24 h of treatment.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the efficacy of sublingual, oral, and vaginal administration of misoprostol in the medical treatment of missed abortion during first trimester of pregnancy: A randomized clinical trial study

et al. 2020

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Background: This study was aimed at comparing the efficacy of different routes of misoprostol administration, including sublingual, oral, and vaginal, on the induction of medical abortion in the first trimester of pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This open-label, randomized clinical trial study was performed on 172 individuals in three parallel groups of vaginal, sublingual, and oral administration of misoprostol. The participants were randomized using permuted blocks of six. A dose of 600 μg of misoprostol every 6 h (maximum of 4 doses) was administrated to each group. Higham chart and demographic questionnaires were completed by the investigator. Data were analyzed using Stata software version 12. Results: The mean age of the participants was 29.81 ± 6.7 years, and the mean gestational age was 8.45 ± 2.32 weeks. We found a significant difference regarding the abortion success rate and the time interval between the administration of the drug among three groups ( P = 0.036 and < 0.001 in turn). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of severity and duration of vaginal bleeding until day 7 after induction ( P = 0.091 and 0.143, respectively). Furthermore, we found statistically significant differences in some drugs, which induced side effects namely vomiting and headache, between the three groups ( P = 0.032 and 0.028 in turn). Conclusion: The findings suggest that vaginal administration of misoprostol is more successful than the sublingual and oral route for complete abortion; vaginal administration of misoprostol is an appropriate alternative to curettage.

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“…A PBAC score greater than 100 signi ies that menstrual blood loss is greater than 80ml (Srivaths et al, 2015;Rani et al, 2016;Hymavathi et al, 2018). This scoring system is not equivalent but is proportional to MBL (Magnay et al, 2018).…”

Section: Exclusion Criteriamentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Study of Desogestrel- Containing Oral Contraceptive and Levonorgestrel- Containing Oral Contraceptive in Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

Suresh

Johny

Shankari

et al. 2020

ijrps

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Dysfunctional uterine bleeding is a type of abnormal uterine bleeding where vaginal bleeding occurs outside of the menstrual cycle in the absence of any known pelvic pathology. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding can be treated safely with hormone therapy. Combined oral contraceptives help in increased menstrual cycle regularity and decreased blood loss. In this study, a reliable drug for the dysfunctional uterine bleeding with maximum effectiveness and minimal side effects were assessed. This study was conducted on 120 cases of dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Patients who were diagnosed with dysfunctional uterine bleeding were randomly assigned into two groups. Group D and group L included patients who were given Ethinyl estradiol 0.02mg + desogestrel 0.15mg and Ethinyl estradiol 0.03mg + levonorgestrel 0.15mg respectively for the four consecutive 28- day cycles. Menstrual blood loss was assessed using the pictorial blood assessment chart (PBAC) score on 2nd and 4th months of recruitment. Side effects such as weight gain, acne and headache were assessed in both groups. This study shows 56.68% reduction in mean PBAC score in 2 months in desogestrel group whereas only 44.96% reduction in levonorgestrel group and 79.87% reduction in mean PBAC score in desogestrel group in 4 months whereas only 74.46% reduction in levonorgestrel group. Side effects like weight gain, acne and headache were more prominent in the levonorgestrel group than desogestrel group. Desogestrel containing combined oral contraceptive can be a useful and safe treatment for dysfunctional uterine bleeding.

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A systematic review of methods to measure menstrual blood loss

Cited by 78 publications

References 98 publications

A randomized-controlled pilot study on the effects of naproxen for the treatment of bleeding and spotting among new Copper T 380A IUD users

A randomized-controlled pilot study on the effects of naproxen for the treatment of bleeding and spotting among new Copper T 380A IUD users

Comparison of the efficacy of sublingual, oral, and vaginal administration of misoprostol in the medical treatment of missed abortion during first trimester of pregnancy: A randomized clinical trial study

Comparative Study of Desogestrel- Containing Oral Contraceptive and Levonorgestrel- Containing Oral Contraceptive in Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding

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