A systematic review of music-induced substance craving

Abstract

Background: Conditioning- and cue-induced craving theories indicate that music has the potential to induce substance craving. A better understanding of this phenomenon could enhance treatment and prevent misuse, relapse, and overdose. Objective: The purpose of this systematic review was to locate and examine studies using music to induce substance craving in humans. We sought to discover if music can induce substance craving as well as specific aspects of the music and how it was used. Method: Adhering to the PRISMA Statement and Checklist, we conducted a systematic review of literature on music-induced substance craving in nine databases. We extracted data from studies meeting our inclusion criteria, which related to substance craving induced by music and data based on music intervention reporting guidelines. Results: We reviewed 751 research outputs. A total of 33 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were found, indicating that various types of music can induce alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and general substance craving. In most of the studies, music was used as a component of a mood induction technique or in a virtual reality setting that led to craving. There tended to be a lack of detail about the music itself and most authors did not adhere to music intervention reporting guidelines. In the majority of studies, the researchers selected the music to induce negative mood states so as to elicit craving. Conclusion: Music has the potential to induce substance craving. While the music used in studies varied considerably and tended to be well controlled from a research design perspective, the music was not based on the music psychology literature, and authors did not adequately report essential aspects of the music. Implications for clinical practice, limitations, and suggestions for future research are provided.

Music therapy, neural processing, and craving reduction: an RCT protocol for a mixed methods feasibility study in a Community Substance Misuse Treatment Service

“…A second measure to assess craving will be used. Since music represents an environmental cue, it can be associated with the drug experience and, potentially, induce craving by triggering emotional memories [ 68 , 69 ]. Therefore, to monitor for instances of addiction memories that can possibly induce craving [ 15 ], an instantaneous single-item measure of craving will be collected before and after group and individual music therapy sessions.…”

“…Therefore, to monitor for instances of addiction memories that can possibly induce craving [ 15 ], an instantaneous single-item measure of craving will be collected before and after group and individual music therapy sessions. While MT has been suggested to reduce craving [ 30 – 32 ], the element of music itself, in some circumstances, can determine the induction of a craving state [ 68 , 69 ] and there is no systematic empirical evidence about the mechanisms underlying the rising of moments of craving in MT sessions [ 4 ].…”