A systematic review of research into coach perspectives and behaviours regarding doping and anti-doping

Barnes, Luke; Patterson, Laurie; Backhouse, Susan H.

doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101780

Cited by 14 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 72 publications

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“…Moreover, a coach-created motivational climate in the team also depends on other factors, such as experience, performance level, and the requirements for coaches themselves [ 50 ]. In the context of coach anti-doping behavior, it also depends on the various factors mentioned above [ 51 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Coach-Created Empowering and Disempowering Climate Effects on Athletes’ Intentions to Use Doping: The Mediational Role of Self-Regulatory Efficacy and Attitudes towards Doping

Hoppen,

Sukys

2024

Sports

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Background: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between perceived coach-created empowering and disempowering motivational climate and doping likelihood among athletes and whether the attitudes towards doping and doping self-regulatory efficacy mediates these relationships. Methods: Athletes (N = 948; 50% male; mean age, 20.32, SD = 2.45) recruited from a variety of sports completed questionnaires assessing their perceptions of coach-created motivational climate, attitudes towards doping, doping self-regulatory efficacy, and doping likelihood. Results: The study’s results showed significant negative direct effects of a perceived empowering climate on doping likelihood (β = −0.50) and attitudes towards doping (β = −0.48), and a positive effect on self-regulatory efficacy (β = 0.48). On the contrary, a disempowering climate had positive direct effects on doping likelihood (β = 0.53) and attitudes towards doping (β = 0.45), and a negative effect on self-regulatory efficacy (β = −0.49). Significant indirect effects on doping likelihood via attitudes and self-regulatory efficacy were found. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that athletes who perceive a more empowering climate created by the coach are less likely to use banned substances due to their more negative attitudes towards doping and stronger belief in their ability to resist the temptation to use doping.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived Coach-Created Empowering and Disempowering Climate Effects on Athletes’ Intentions to Use Doping: The Mediational Role of Self-Regulatory Efficacy and Attitudes towards Doping

Hoppen,

Sukys

2024

Sports

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“…Attitudes and beliefs of various stakeholders group such as athletes (Mazzeo, 2019;Morente-Sánchez & Zabala, 2013), medical professionals (Backhouse & McKenna, 2011) and pharmacists (Hooper et al, 2019), coaches (Barnes et al, 2020;Backhouse & McKenna, 2012) and athlete support personnel (Mazanov et al, 2014) have been extensively researched and reviewed. The role of support network on influencing athletes' attitudes toward doping and building anti-doping culture in the athletes' environment also received attention.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Folkerts

Loh

Petróczi

et al. 2021

Psychology of Sport and Exercise

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Doping is an omnipresent issue in both professional and amateur sports. Advances in social science research, including studies on doping attitude, have played a pivotal role in developing an understanding that prohibition and testing alone do not deter athletes from doping. Research on doping attitude has relied heavily on the Performance Enhancement Attitude Scale (PEAS). Yet, to date, no systematic review and meta-analysis of the PEAS have been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is, for the first time, to cumulate evidence for the psychometric properties of PEAS; specifically to conduct a qualitative synthesis and perform a meta-analysis to analyze the available results and findings for internal consistency reliability, gender differences and user/non-user differences in doping attitude assessed by the PEAS. PRISMA protocol was employed for data identification and selection. Included articles were assessed for data quality and biases. Meta-analysis with random effects models was used to determine overall internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's alpha) and descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) for a subset of studies using the full 17-item PEAS. Eighty-two studies were eligible for qualitative synthesis, and a subsample of 42 studies were meta-analyzed. The quantitative analyses yield an overall PEAS score of 39.18 (2.30 on a 6-point scale) and Cronbach's alpha of .85. Males and admitted doping users scored higher on PEAS then females and non-users, but still within the 'negative' spectrum. Medium to strong correlations were recorded with moral disengagement (r = .42-.75). The meta-analysis showed good level of internal consistency reliability for the PEAS. Overall, negative doping attitude characterized the athlete population, regardless of gender or involvement in doping. The latter, coupled with sole reliance on self-reports for doping, questions the validity of PEAS as proxy for indexing doping behavior. Future research will benefit from a standardized short version of PEAS. The evident moral angle of the PEAS limits the scale's utility as a global attitude measure and warrants recalibration of the scale as a measure of moral doping attitude. Advances in doping behavior research calls for a more nuanced understanding of the role of attitudes toward doping and clean sport behavior; new and more specific attitude measures toward doping that separate moral and functional aspects effectively, along with a psychometrically sound instrument for adolescents.

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“…The notable absence of such research is perhaps not surprising given the myriad of barriers for disclosure, not least the taboo nature of the issue and the potential for serious penalties if admitting to use of banned substances. A shift in culture within the sport is needed alongside further research, in order to help educate, motivate and empower both elite athletes and coaches about the risks of doping and the potential for mental illness [8, 61, 62]. The integration of trained clinicians within the wider sports medicine community could help towards this goal, and more broadly in achieving a holistic approach to the mental health care of elite athletes [63].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mental illness in elite weightlifters

et al. 2022

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Abstract. Introduction: The mental health of elite athletes is a growing area of research however there remains a paucity of data to support evidence-based screening and prevention programmes as well as holistic yet targeted care. Olympic Weightlifting has long been associated in the media with the use of banned substances at an elite level however little is known about the mental health impact that this might represent and what the wider mental health needs of this group might be. Methods: A systematic search of PsychINFO, MEDLINE, EMCARE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases was conducted from inception up until January 2022. Peer reviewed studies of any methodology looking at mental illness or symptoms amongst current elite level Olympic weightlifters were eligible for inclusion. Results: Four articles met all inclusion criteria. Two cross-sectional studies looked at depression and anxiety and two case studies reported psychosis following long-term use of Mephentermine. Results seemed to broadly align with research looking at elite athletes in other sports however it was not possible to compare results between the two cross-sectional studies due to methodological differences. Conclusion: There is very little published research in this area and it is of varying methodological quality. A narrow subset of mental health symptoms were investigated and most of the data were based on self-reported symptoms rather than diagnostic data. Further research is needed to explore the mental health burden in this group and to inform appropriate support programmes.

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A systematic review of research into coach perspectives and behaviours regarding doping and anti-doping

Cited by 14 publications

References 72 publications

Perceived Coach-Created Empowering and Disempowering Climate Effects on Athletes’ Intentions to Use Doping: The Mediational Role of Self-Regulatory Efficacy and Attitudes towards Doping

Perceived Coach-Created Empowering and Disempowering Climate Effects on Athletes’ Intentions to Use Doping: The Mediational Role of Self-Regulatory Efficacy and Attitudes towards Doping

The performance enhancement attitude scale (PEAS) reached ‘adulthood’: Lessons and recommendations from a systematic review and meta-analysis

Mental illness in elite weightlifters

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