A systematic review of the exercise effect on bone health: the importance of assessing mechanical loading in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

Abstract

While training effects must be interpreted with caution because of the heterogeneity of the protocols and exercises performed, this systematic review confirmed the effectiveness of impact exercises combined with other forms of training (vibration or strength training) to preserve BMD in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women. Despite the results possibly not representing a general dose-response relationship, we highlight the importance of quantifying loading intensity and frequency by means of accelerometry as these parameters are determinants for bone adaptation.

Effects of different exercise training programs on body composition: A randomized control trial

“…However, they included an additional resistance training exercise program which performed 3‐4 sets of strength exercises with an intensity of 12‐16 repetition maximum (2 sessions/week): this group showed a significant increase of both LM (+3%) and BMC (+2%) . These results agree with those obtained by Kukuljan et al and Sañudo et al that showed a significant increase of BMD after a resistance training program in sedentary men and women (+1% to 2% in both cases). Despite the significant decrease of FM and increase of LM found in the HIIT group (−5% and +5%, respectively), partly consistent with previous findings, no significant changes were noted in BMC.…”

“…Despite the significant decrease of FM and increase of LM found in the HIIT group (−5% and +5%, respectively), partly consistent with previous findings, no significant changes were noted in BMC. The lack of improvements in BMC can be attributed to the short duration of our intervention program, since longer exercise training program are usually required to improve BMC …”

“…The lack of improvements in BMC can be attributed to the short duration of our intervention program, since longer exercise training program are usually required to improve BMC. 4,5 A number of studies have previously examined the role of whole-body electromyostimulation training on body composition parameters, showing that this training modality induced a decrease of FM and an increase of LM in individuals with different ages and biological characteristics. 10,11,13,16,18,19,22,25,27,29 Curiously, the exercise training methodology proposed in all of these studies was similar: (a) 10-14 dynamic exercises (without any additional weights) structured in 1-2 sets of 8 repetitions, (b) impulse frequency of 85 Hz, (c) impulse width of 350 µs, and (d) duty cycle of 50%.…”

“…Concurrent training (which combines resistance and endurance training) induced a decrease of fat body mass (FM) and an increment of lean body mass (LM) in both sedentary men and women . Moreover, it has been previously reported that a resistance training program improved bone mineral density (BMD) in sedentary men and women . However, considering that time constraints have been usually reported as the main limitation to follow an exercise program, high‐intensity interval training seems to be a feasible time‐efficient strategy to improve body composition .…”

“…3 Moreover, it has been previously reported that a resistance training program improved bone mineral density (BMD) in sedentary men 4 and women. 5 However, considering that time constraints have been usually reported as the main limitation to follow an exercise program, 6 high-intensity interval training seems to be a feasible time-efficient strategy to improve body composition. 7 A recent systematic review observed that moderate-intensity continuous exercise programs and high-intensity interval training programs result in similar improvements in FM in overweight and obese sedentary individuals, thus, considering that high-intensity interval training programs imply 40% less time commitment each week, the authors concluded that high-intensity interval training | 969 AMARO-GAHETE ET Al.…”