A systematic review of the criterion validity and reliability of technical and tactical field-based tests in soccer

Abstract

Background Field-based tests are important since they can guarantee ecological validity. Although most such tests are designed to assess physical fitness, tactical and technical dimensions are also determinants in a full battery of tests. Objectives This systematic review aimed to (a) summarize the criterion validity and reliability of technical and tactical field-based tests applied in soccer and (b) list valid and reliable technical and tactical field-based tests. Methods A systematic review of EBSCO, PubMed, Scielo, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science databases was performed according to PRISMA guidelines. The eligibility criteria included (i) population (soccer players from any age group, competitive level, or sex); (ii) exposure (exposure to technical and/or tactical field-based tests covering individual technical skills, tactical behaviours, tactical knowledge, and decision-making in the field); (iii) comparator (a laboratory test and/or a criterion field-based test); (iv) outcome (measures of reliability); and (v) no restrictions concerning study design. The synthesis of results focused on the outcomes considered in the eligibility criteria. Results A total of 5008 titles were identified, of which 21 met the eligibility criteria. Eight studies’ analyses centred on tactical tests. Of those, six studies tested the same instrument (FUT-SAT), one study examined divergent thought, and one study used a soccer-specific skills test Among the 10 included studies involving technical tests, only two repeated the same test (the Loughborough Soccer Passing Test). Three studies included tests concurring with physical ones. According to the main findings, the eight studies that used tactical tests revealed that the outcomes obtained from the tests and observers were reliable. The 10 studies that used technical tests, as well as the three concurrent studies, revealed similarly high reliability. Of the eight studies that used tactical tests, seven involved youth participants. Furthermore, three of the 10 studies that conducted technical tests were done on adults. Of the concurrent tests, three involved youth athletes. Only one study including a tactical analysis presented values for validity, while three others provided information about validity. The four studies provided information about test validity. Conclusions Overall, the selected technical and tactical tests, most of which were carried out on youth players, revealed their validity and reliability. Although most studies focused on reliability (which was confirmed regardless of the test included), criterion validity was also observed in the few studies that analysed such factors. Thus, the tests currently proposed for assessing technical and tactical behaviours possess acceptable criterion validity and reliability.

Tactical Knowledge by Decision Making and Motor Efficiency of Young Football Players in Different Playing Positions during a Three-a-Side Small-Sided Game

“…During the game teaching process, it is possible to identify a tendency to direct it to the goal and forget defensive phase content, such as contention, coverage, balance, and concentration [ 56 ]. The process of sport initiation in collective games should provide the practitioner tactical procedural knowledge by activities related to the formal game [ 10 , 12 , 39 ]. That may help players to learn the offensive and defensive dynamics and processes of the sport [ 18 , 19 , 57 ].…”

“…It is fundamental for football players to develop tactical knowledge, which is mediated by decision making and motor efficiency [ 9 , 10 ]. The tactical knowledge seems to be influenced by field position, though it can also be considered that each field position leads to specialized decision making and motor efficiency across the developmental stages [ 11 , 12 , 13 ].…”

Talent identification in soccer: The influence of technical, physical and maturity-related characteristics on a national selection process

“…One way to improve the ecological validity of an assessment is to conduct it in a setting that is as similar as possible to the real-world setting in which the players perform. For example, if you are interested in assessing the technical skill of adolescent soccer players, you could conduct the assessment during a soccer practice or match rather than in a laboratory setting [ 19 ].…”

Development and Validation of an Observational Game Analysis Tool with Artificial Intelligence for Handball: Handball.ai

“…One of the sports where the production has been most prolific is football. Thus, in the systematic review by Clemente et al [ 13 ], 21 studies were identified, of which 8 focused on tactical tests (e.g., FUT-SAT), 10 on technical tests (e.g., Loughborough Soccer Passing Test) and 3 on tests concurrent with physical aspects (e.g., MT5M). In other sports (e.g., basketball) there is an amalgam of instruments with different purposes, such as the influence of contextual variables on tactical thinking [ 14 ], the player discrimination by position according to physical–technical execution patterns [ 15 ] or the relevance of physiological parameters [ 16 ].…”