A systematic review on modelling approaches for economic losses studies caused by parasites and their associated diseases in cattle

Abstract

Parasites reside inside or outside their hosts and get host nutrition and blood. Here, we have emphasized economic losses in cattle caused by parasitic diseases due to ecto- and endo- parasites (flies, ticks, mites and helminths). We have outlined different methods/models including economic evaluation techniques and dynamic analysis as a major class, used for the calculation of economic losses caused by parasites in cattle. According to already conducted studies, a decrease in production is mentioned in quantity and percentage while financial losses are expressed in the form of account with respect to per head, herd or for the specific study area. The parasites cause the reduced production and financial losses due to control, treatment and mortality costs. We calculated the average decrease in milk production and organ condemnation as 1.16 L animal-1 day-1 and 12.95%, respectively, from overall cattle parasitic infections. Moreover, the average calculated financial and percentage losses were US$ 50.67 animal-1 year-1 and 17.94%, respectively. Economically important parasitic diseases mentioned here are caused by specific spp. of protozoans and helminths according to data collected from the literature. Protozoan diseases include tick-borne diseases, coccidiosis, neosporosis, trypanosomiasis and cryptosporidiosis. Losses due to tick-borne infections were encountered for decreased milk production, mortality, treatment and control. Losses from coccidiosis were due to decreased weight gain, treatment costs and mortality. While abortion losses were encountered in neosporosis. Trypanosomiasis caused losses due to a decrease in milk yield. Moreover, only diagnostic (conventional or molecular techniques) cost was taken into account for cryptosporidiosis. Economically important nematode parasites are Oesophagostomum spp., Cooperia spp., Trichostrongylus spp., Strongyloides spp., Ostertagia spp. and Haemonchus placei. Due to the zoonotic importance of echinococcosis, Echinococcus granulosus is the most economically important cestode parasite. Losses caused by echinococcosis were due to organ condemnation, carcass weight loss and decreases hide value, milk production and fecundity. While, fascioliasis is one of the most economically important trematodal disease, which causes cirrhosis of the liver due to parasite migration, and thus, the organ becomes inedible. So, it would be helpful for farmers and researchers to approach these methods/models for calculation of parasitic losses and should adopt suitable measures to avoid long-term economic losses.

Tick and Host Derived Compounds Detected in the Cement Complex Substance

“…Rhipicephalus microplus are one-host ticks that complete parasitic stages of their life cycle while feeding on the same host and with an impact on cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world [3,46]. The R. microplus were selected for analysis because little information is available on cement composition in this tick species.…”

“…Ticks (Arthropoda: Ixodida) are obligate hematophagous arthropods and vectors of pathogens affecting human and animal health as well as animal welfare and production worldwide [1][2][3][4]. The spread of ticks at different geographical scales increases the risk of pathogen transmission to humans and animals since new colonization events may happen in areas with low awareness towards the diseases caused by these pathogens [5].…”

“…Ixodid ticks feed on blood for a relatively long period and an evolutionary adaptation to overcome host inflammatory and immune responses using molecules produced in tick salivary glands or recycled from the host and inoculated with saliva into the feeding site [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Cattle tick Rhipicephalus microplus (Canestrini, 1888) is an Ixodid one-host tick species (all developmental stages remain on the same host) with an impact on cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world [3,9,10]. However, despite the growing impact of ticks on humans and animals worldwide, effective and environmentally friendly control methods such as vaccines among other interventions are still required to control tick infestations and tick-borne diseases [23][24][25][26].…”

A Comprehensive Subcellular Atlas of the Toxoplasma Proteome via hyperLOPIT Provides Spatial Context for Protein Functions

“…Toxoplasmosis (caused by Toxoplasma gondii ) occurs as chronic infections in ∼30% of the human population and can cause life-threatening congenital toxoplasmosis, fetal malformation and abortion, blindness, and encephalitis ( Havelaar et al., 2015 ). Furthermore, the economic damage of disease in livestock caused by apicomplexans is estimated in billions of US dollars annually ( Rashid et al., 2019 ). Together these pathogens have a major effect on global health and prosperity, disproportionately affecting developing world regions.…”

A subcellular atlas ofToxoplasmareveals the functional context of the proteome

“…Toxoplasmosis (Toxoplasma gondii) occurs as chronic infections in ~30% of the human population and can cause life-threatening congenital toxoplasmosis, fetal malformation and abortion, blindness, and encephalitis (Havelaar et al, 2015). Furthermore, the economic damage of disease in livestock caused by apicomplexans is estimated in billions of US dollars annually (Rashid et al, 2019). Together these pathogens have a major effect on global health and prosperity, disproportionately affecting developing world regions.…”