A Systematic Review on the Visualization of Avatars and Agents in AR & VR displayed using Head-Mounted Displays

The assessment of presence and performance in an AR environment for motor imitation learning: A case-study on violinists

“…Unfortunately, as discussed by Lee et al ( Lee, 2004 ), this definition of presence (or telepresence) is not readily applicable along the entire Milgram Virtuality Continuum, and it is not clear how the beneficial effects of presence translate from highly immersive environments to the lower ones ( Lee, 2020 , pp. 1–20; Toet et al, 2022 ; Weidner et al, 2023 ). In AR, immersion entails: (1) to generate a high-quality rendering of virtual objects, (2) to precisely register the virtual objects with the real environment, and (3) to do so in an interactive real-time ( Regenbrecht & Schubert, 2002 ).…”

“…In the VR domain, there is generally a positive correlation between presence and learning outcomes ( Krassmann et al, 2022 ). However, the available literature reports contradictory findings ( Weidner et al, 2023 ). Some studies propose that higher presence results in better learning ( Ai-Lim Lee et al, 2010 ; Alhalabi, 2016 ; Cadet & Chainay, 2020 ; Kozhevnikov et al, 2013 ; Rasheed et al, 2015 ; Ray & Deb, 2017 ; Stevens & Kincaid, 2015 ), while others produce inconclusive or even negative results ( Allmendinger, 2010 ; Buttussi & Chittaro, 2018 ; George et al, 2018 ; Makransky et al, 2019a ; Moreno et al, 2001 ; Ochs & Sonderegger, 2022 ; Pears & Konstantinidis, 2022 ).…”

“…Although it is not yet clear how these findings apply to the AR domain, some parallels can be drawn ( Weidner et al, 2023 ). Several studies suggest a positive relationship between presence and learning in the AR domain ( Kye & Kim, 2008 ).…”

“…Verbal and non-verbal cues are crucial to understanding communication ( Nguyen & Canny, 2009 ), so it is logical that avatar representation has a significant impact on presence and social presence ( Cai & Tanaka, 2019 ; Weidner et al, 2023 ). For example, literature suggests that realistic-looking avatars increase co-presence ( Casanueva & Blake, 2001 ), and social presence ( Pakanen et al, 2022 ).…”

“…For example, literature suggests that realistic-looking avatars increase co-presence ( Casanueva & Blake, 2001 ), and social presence ( Pakanen et al, 2022 ). Several other parameters of avatar representation influence social presence, such as which body parts are displayed ( Heidicker et al, 2017 ; Yoon et al, 2019 ), gender ( Makransky et al, 2019b ), interactivity ( Oh et al, 2018 ), movement fidelity ( Heidicker et al, 2017 ; Roth et al, 2016 ), mouth movement ( Yoshimura & Borst, 2021 ), and more ( Weidner et al, 2023 ).…”