A systematic review on the validity and reliability of tape measurement method in leg length discrepancy

Farahmand, Behshid; Takamjani, Ismail Ebrahimi; Yazdi, Hamid Reza; Saeedi, Hassan; Kamali, Mohammad; Cham, Masumeh Bagherzadeh

doi:10.47176/mjiri.33.46

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…To redeem this controversy on the validity and repeatability of clinical assessments of limb length, the systematic review work of Farahmand et al [ 34 ] concluded:…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Scoliosis and Lower Limb Inequality: To Lift or Not to Lift, That Is the Question

Colonna,

Casacci,

Borghi

2024

Cureus

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In subjects with scoliotic alterations of the spine, asymmetrical lengths of the lower limbs are frequently observed, a condition commonly referred to as leg length inequality (LLI) or discrepancy (LLD). This asymmetry can induce pelvic misalignments, manifested by an asymmetric height of the iliac crests, and consequently an alteration of the spine's axis. Although correcting this discrepancy might appear to be a straightforward solution, further investigation may reveal other indications. The purpose of this article is to aid clinicians confronted with the decision of whether to compensate for an LLI in individuals with scoliosis, encompassing both adolescents and adults. It presents a literature review on the incidence of LLIs in the general population, distinguishing between structural LLI (sLLI) and functional LLI (fLLI) types of LLIs, and quantifying their magnitude with clinical and instrumental evaluation. Additionally, it links these two types of LLIs to the type of scoliosis (structural or functional). From a clinical perspective, it also examines the compensatory mechanisms employed by the pelvis in the presence of structural or functional LLIs in order to draw useful indications for therapeutic decisions. Moreover, it proposes an additional evaluation parameter in the coronal plane, namely the central sacral vertical line (CSVL), to aid in the decision-making process regarding LLI compensation. Although this parameter has been documented in the literature, it has been little associated with LLIs. The findings indicate that scoliotic discrepancies should be compensated (conservatively or surgically) only when the imbalance of the femoral heads is on the same side as the imbalance of the sacrum and the iliac crests; this corrective action should result in a reduction of the overhang in the coronal plane.

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“…To redeem this controversy on the validity and repeatability of clinical assessments of limb length, the systematic review work of Farahmand et al [ 34 ] concluded:…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…LLIs of ≤ 2 cm are believed to rarely cause structural problems, and internal shoe lifts may be added with a thickness corresponding to the LLI [ 3 , 15 , 34 ]. The most commonly used internal lifts are 0.5 cm to 1.5 cm thick (Figure 24A , 24B ).…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scoliosis and Lower Limb Inequality: To Lift or Not to Lift, That Is the Question

Colonna,

Casacci,

Borghi

2024

Cureus

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“…Flatfoot was diagnosed by expert opinion, calcaneal eversion angle, and navicular drop test. 27 Those who had leg-length discrepancy measured by tape, 28 history of fracture or surgery of lower limb or spine, musculoskeletal abnormalities such as kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis, genu varum or genu valgum, neurological or arthritis problems that affected the gait, or who used foot orthoses within the past 2 yr were excluded. 29…”

Section: Patient Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the immediate effects of prefabricated soft medical insoles and custom-molded rigid medical insoles on plantar pressure distribution in athletes with flexible flatfoot: a prospective study

Khorasani

Cham

Sharifnezhad³

et al. 2021

Current Orthopaedic Practice

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Background:The aims of this quasi-experimental study were to compare the effect of prefabricated soft medical insoles and custom-molded rigid medical insoles on plantar pressure distribution in athletes with flexible flatfoot. Methods:Eighteen amateur athletes with flexible flatfoot participated in this study. All participants received custom-molded rigid medical insoles and prefabricated soft medical insoles. Mean peak pressure (kPa), maximum force (N), and contact area (cm 2 ) were calculated for the heel, medial and lateral midfoot, first metatarsal head, second and third metatarsal heads, fourth and fifth metatarsal heads, hallux, and other toe area using the Pedar-X system (Novel GmbH, Munich, Germany) immediately. Results:The use of both prefabricated and custom-molded insoles significantly reduced the mean pressure and force in the heel, second and third metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP 2,3 ), the fourth and fifth metatarsophalangeal joints (MTP 4,5 ), and increased the pressure in the medial midfoot compared to the shoe (P < 0.001). No significant difference was observed between the two insoles (P > 0.05). The contact area increased significantly in the medial midfoot (P < 0.001) and MTP 2,3 (P = 0.02) and decreased in the hallux (P < 0.001) and other toes (P = 0.01) using both insoles compared to only shoes. Conclusions:The results showed that the use of a medical insole in athletes with flexible flatfoot could alter athletics' plantar pressures immediately. Since both insoles had a similar effect on the distribution of plantar pressures, it seems that the prefabricated soft medical insole is a more suitable option for daily use in athletes to prevent injury because of its availability and costeffectiveness.

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“…14 Although both methods could easily measure LLD, their accuracy, validity, and reliability were poor. [15][16][17] Meanwhile, some related investigations have also focused on utilizing various radiographic imaging technologies to assess LLD. [18][19][20] The basic idea is to take advantage of radiograph-based technology to accurately localize the anatomical landmarks from radiographs of the full-length lower limbs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 14 Although both methods could easily measure LLD, their accuracy, validity, and reliability were poor. 15 – 17 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A novel measurement approach to dynamic change of limb length discrepancy using deep learning and wearable sensors

Wu,

Shi,

2024

Science Progress

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The accurate identification of dynamic change of limb length discrepancy (LLD) in non-clinical settings is of great significance for monitoring gait function change in people's everyday lives. How to search for advanced techniques to measure LLD changes in non-clinical settings has always been a challenging endeavor in recent related research. In this study, we have proposed a novel approach to accurately measure the dynamic change of LLD outdoors by using deep learning and wearable sensors. The basic idea is that the measurement of dynamic change of LLD was considered as a multiple gait classification task based on LLD change that is clearly associated with its gait pattern. A hybrid deep learning model of convolutional neural network and long short-term memory (CNN-LSTM) was developed to precisely classify LLD gait patterns by discovering the most representative spatial-temporal LLD dynamic change features. Twenty-three healthy subjects were recruited to simulate four levels of LLD by wearing a shoe lift with different heights. The Delsys TrignoTM system was implemented to simultaneously acquire gait data from six sensors positioned on the hip, knee and ankle joint of two lower limbs respectively. The experimental results showed that the developed CNN-LSTM model could reach a higher accuracy of 93.24% and F1-score of 93.48% to classify four different LLD gait patterns when compared with CNN, LSTM, and CNN-gated recurrent unit(CNN-GRU), and gain better recall and precision (more than 92%) to detect each LLD gait pattern accurately. Our model could achieve excellent learning ability to discover the most representative LLD dynamic change features for classifying LLD gait patterns accurately. Our technical solution would help not only to accurately measure LLD dynamic change in non-clinical settings, but also to potentially find out lower limb joints with more abnormal compensatory change caused by LLD.

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A systematic review on the validity and reliability of tape measurement method in leg length discrepancy

Cited by 5 publications

References 19 publications

Scoliosis and Lower Limb Inequality: To Lift or Not to Lift, That Is the Question

Scoliosis and Lower Limb Inequality: To Lift or Not to Lift, That Is the Question

Comparison of the immediate effects of prefabricated soft medical insoles and custom-molded rigid medical insoles on plantar pressure distribution in athletes with flexible flatfoot: a prospective study

A novel measurement approach to dynamic change of limb length discrepancy using deep learning and wearable sensors

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