A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in internal medicine, family medicine and academic medicine

Cheong, Clarissa Wei Shuen; Chia, Elisha Wan Ying; Tay, Kuang Teck; Chua, Wen Jie; Lee, Fion Qian Hui; Koh, Eugene Yong Hian; Chin, Annelissa; Toh, Ying Pin; Mason, Stephen; Krishna, Lalit Kumar Radha

doi:10.1007/s10459-019-09934-0

Cited by 24 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 151 publications

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“…Novice Mentoring in Palliative Care (PC), enhances mentees’ clinical skills, inculcates appropriate attitudes, and practices in caring for dying patients and advances the reputation of the host organization. 1 - 3 Characterized as a “ dynamic , context dependent , goal sensitive , mutually beneficial relationship between an experienced clinician (mentor) and junior clinicians and/or under-graduates (mentee) that is focused upon advancing the development of the mentee ,” 4 novice mentoring is increasingly used in the training of PC residents and specialist trainees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Mentoring in Palliative Care: An Evidence Based Mentoring Framework

Krishna

Tan

Ong

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development

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Background: Growing concerns over ethical issues in mentoring in medicine and surgery have hindered efforts to reinitiate mentoring for Palliative Care (PC) physicians following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions. Ranging from the misappropriation of mentee’s work to bullying, ethical issues in mentoring are attributed to poor understanding and structuring of mentoring programs, underlining the need for a consistent approach to mentoring practices. Methods: Given diverse practices across different settings and the employ of various methodologies, a novel approach to narrative reviews (NR)s is proposed to summarize, interpret, and critique prevailing data on novice mentoring. To overcome prevailing concerns surrounding the reproducibility and transparency of narrative reviews, the Systematic Evidenced Based Approach (SEBA) adopts a structured approach to searching and summarizing the included articles and employed concurrent content and thematic analysis that was overseen by a team of experts. Results: A total of 18 915 abstracts were reviewed, 62 full text articles evaluated and 41 articles included. Ten themes/categories were ascertained identified including Nature; Stakeholders; Relationship; Approach; Environment; Benefits; Barriers; Assessments; Theories and Definitions. Conclusion: By compiling and scrutinizing prevailing practice it is possible to appreciate the notion of the mentoring ecosystem which sees each mentee, mentor, and host organization brings with them their own microenvironment that contains their respective goals, abilities, and contextual considerations. Built around competency based mentoring stages, it is possible to advance a flexible yet consistent novice mentoring framework.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancing Mentoring in Palliative Care: An Evidence Based Mentoring Framework

Krishna

Tan

Ong

et al. 2020

Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development

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“…With the lack of in-depth discussion in prevailing literature on pertinent characteristics of unethical mentoring practice, it is clear that there are no 'magic bullets'. However, comparing the findings of this SSR in SEBA with existing reviews on mentoring in medicine and surgery [2,23], it would appear that mentoring in medical schools will benefit from a formal, structured mentoring program overseen by the host organisation. The data suggest that clear guidelines with regards to recruitment, training, matching and the firm delineation of mentee and mentor roles and responsibilities should be established.…”

Section: What Solutions Have Been Offered To Address These Concerns?mentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Building on findings of two recent systematic scoping reviews [2,23] of ethical issues in postgraduate and undergraduate mentoring in surgery and medicine, the teams acknowledged that a steeper hierarchy in medical schools see greater power differentials between mentors and mentees as well as the latter's dependence on the former, thus differentiating ethical issues in medical schools from those affecting doctors.…”

Section: Background Of Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…• Aim to provide a personalised and complementary mentorship [58,61] • Provide mentees and mentors with a chance to meet and discuss their individual goals, values, timelines, interests, working styles and availabilities in pre-mentoring meetings before the mentoring relationship begins [61] • Provide mentees and mentors with a 'two week' trial period to confirm that they intend to proceed with the mentoring relationship [61] • Training sessions to be mandatory and longitudinal for all mentors and mentees [33,61] • Establish a Code of Practicethis includes codes of conduct, standards of practice, professional codes of practice and institutional expectations and guidelines [3,81] • To help mentees find the right mentoring relationship and to inform them of boundaries to abide by [41,73] • To convey expectations of the mentoring program and to ensure awareness of the roles and responsibilities of the mentor [23] • To ensure that mentors and mentees gain skills required to maintain a healthy mentoring relationship • To offer a chance to gather feedback on mentoring progress, support and the program as a whole [61] • To ensure that mentors and mentees are supported throughout their mentoring journey [23] • To provide clear guidance for mentors and mentees on Codes of Practice, how it will be policed and ramifications of minor breaches or severe violations…”

Section: Recruitment Stagementioning

confidence: 99%

“…With mentoring playing a key role in training medical students and with many ethical issues poorly described [2,23], a systematic scoping review (SSR) is proposed to map prevailing descriptions of ethical issues in mentoring in medical schools to guide a structured and evidence-based response [24][25][26][27][28][29][30].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in medical schools

et al. 2020

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Background: Mentoring provides mentees and mentors with holistic support and research opportunities. Yet, the quality of this support has been called into question amidst suggestions that mentoring is prone to bullying and professional lapses. These concerns jeopardise mentoring's role in medical schools and demand closer scrutiny. Methods: To better understand prevailing concerns, a novel approach to systematic scoping reviews (SSR) s is proposed to map prevailing ethical issues in mentoring in an accountable and reproducible manner. Ten members of the research team carried out systematic and independent searches of PubMed, Embase, ERIC, ScienceDirect, Scopus, OpenGrey and Mednar databases. The individual researchers employed 'negotiated consensual validation' to determine the final list of articles to be analysed. The reviewers worked in three independent teams. One team summarised the included articles. The other teams employed independent thematic and content analysis respectively. The findings of the three approaches were compared. The themes from non-evidence based and grey literature were also compared with themes from research driven data. Results: Four thousand six titles were reviewed and 51 full text articles were included. Findings from thematic and content analyses were similar and reflected the tabulated summaries. The themes/categories identified were ethical concerns, predisposing factors and possible solutions at the mentor and mentee, mentoring relationship and/or host organisation level. Ethical concerns were found to stem from issues such as power differentials and lack of motivation whilst predisposing factors comprised of the mentor's lack of experience and personality conflicts. Possible solutions include better program oversight and the fostering of an effective mentoring environment. Conclusions: This structured SSR found that ethical issues in mentoring occur as a result of inconducive mentoring environments. As such, further studies and systematic reviews of mentoring structures, cultures and remediation must follow so as to guide host organisations in their endeavour to improve mentoring in medical schools.

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A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in internal medicine, family medicine and academic medicine

Cited by 24 publications

References 151 publications

Enhancing Mentoring in Palliative Care: An Evidence Based Mentoring Framework

Enhancing Mentoring in Palliative Care: An Evidence Based Mentoring Framework

A systematic scoping review of ethical issues in mentoring in medical schools

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