A systematic study of the antimicrobial mechanisms of cold atmospheric-pressure plasma for water disinfection

Plasma‐activated water: Physicochemical properties, microbial inactivation mechanisms, factors influencing antimicrobial effectiveness, and applications in the food industry

“…When plasma interacts with water, it triggers dynamic chemical reactions and forms a series of aqueous reactive species. Several techniques have been used currently to identify and quantify the reactive species generated in plasma‐treated liquids, including electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), UV‐vis spectrophotometry, chemical dosimetry, liquid chromatography in addition to colorimetric and fluorescence method (Griess reagent, nitrate assay kit, titanium (IV) oxysulfate, amplex red hydrogen peroxide [H 2 O 2 ] assay kit) (Hoeben et al., 2019; Jo, Joh, Chung, & Chung, 2020; Kučerová, Machala, & Hensel, 2020; Pandiyaraj et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020). While laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF), Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, mass‐spectrometry, and gas sensors or analyzers are used for product detection in the gas phase (Gorbanev & Bogaerts, 2018; Khlyustova et al., 2019).…”

Recent Progress in Applications of Non-Thermal Plasma for Water Purification, Bio-Sterilization, and Decontamination

“…NTAPP is a source of different reactive species, including energetic charged particles, O 3 , and neutral O atoms as well as various types of radiation, such as UV radiation. When plasma is in contact with water, OH radicals are produced via chemical and physical processes [20,43,44]. The energy required to break the molecular bonds to produce these radicals can be provided by excited species and plasma electrons [36][37][38][39][40][41].…”

“…However, because of the short lifetime of OH radicals, which is only a few milliseconds, it is difficult to use OH radicals to disinfect pathogenic microbes directly. Hangbo et al [43] investigated the effects of various ROS with short lifetimes on yeast cell inactivation in a liquid and showed that 1 O 2 , OH radicals, and O 2 − are the three main particles created in a plasma-liquid system. Based on the experimental results, OH radicals has the least contribution to plasma inactivation among the plasma species.…”

“…It is worth noting that in the plasma-liquid interaction, 1 O 2 is a more significant antimicrobial factor than the species mentioned earlier (i.e., OH radicals and O 2 − ). It should be noted that despite the strong oxidizing properties of OH radicals, it does not have the capacity for significant diffusion [43]. Because of its short life and high reactivity, it can only react with nearby particles.…”

Degradation and mechanism analysis of chloroxylenol in aqueous solution by gas–liquid discharge plasma combined with ozonation

“…9 In the plasma discharge process, a rich variety of active species such as H 2 O 2 , cH, cO, cOH and O 3 can be formed. 10,11 These species play a vital role in pollution abatement processes. Among these existing active species, cOH, one of the strongest oxidant with a higher reduction potential (2.80 eV), which is able to oxidize non-selectively a broad range of organic contaminants.…”