“…Research in the field of human-agent interaction (HAI) has explored factors causing people to perceive the agency in artifacts. Those factors are mainly classified into appearance ( MacDorman and Ishiguro, 2006 ; Yee and Bailenson, 2007 ), behaviors ( Heider and Simmel, 1944 ; Laban and Ullmann, 1971 ) and social contexts ( Nass et al, 1994 ; Shiomi, 2023 ). Yet, all of them are categorized as external factors, omitting the discussion on the correspondences of internal states and processes (i.e., algorithms and representations ( Marr, 1982 )) between the artifacts and humans.…”