Because compensatory changes in brain activity underlie functional recovery after brain damage, monitoring of these changes will help to improve rehabilitation effectiveness. Functional nearinfrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) has the potential to measure brain activity in freely moving subjects. We recently established a macaque model of internal capsule infarcts and an fniRS system for use in the monkey brain. Here, we used these systems to study motor recovery in two macaques, for which focal infarcts of different sizes were induced in the posterior limb of the internal capsule. Immediately after the injection, flaccid paralysis was observed in the hand contralateral to the injected hemisphere. Thereafter, dexterous hand movements gradually recovered over months. After movement recovery, task-evoked hemodynamic responses increased in the ventral premotor cortex (PMv). The response in the PMv of the infarcted (i.e., ipsilesional) hemisphere increased in the monkey that had received less damage. In contrast, the PMv of the non-infarcted (contralesional) hemisphere was recruited in the monkey with more damage. A pharmacological inactivation experiment with muscimol suggested the involvement of these areas in dexterous hand movements during recovery. These results indicate that fNIRS can be used to evaluate brain activity changes crucial for functional recovery after brain damage.Neuronal motor systems have the capacity for functional recovery following brain damage such as that induced by stroke, and functional recovery can be enhanced by postlesion rehabilitative training 1,2 . Compensatory activity changes in the brain areas that remain undamaged are thought to underlie functional recovery 1,3-16 . Therefore, it is important to monitor brain activity during rehabilitative training to determine whether the training is actually inducing appropriate brain activity changes. Clinical studies in human stroke patients, as well as experimental studies in animals in which damage is artificially induced in a specific region in the brain, have helped to elucidate the compensatory changes of brain activity that occur during the course of functional recovery 1,7-10,17 .We previously established a macaque model for inducing artificial damage in brain regions involved in the transduction of motor commands 2,18,19 . The motor cortex and corticospinal tract of macaque monkeys are more comparable to those of humans than are those of other animals used in experimental research (see ref. 20 . for review). This motor system homology with that of humans, in combination with the relatively large macaque brain, makes imaging data obtained in macaque monkeys comparable to data obtained in clinical research. Therefore, studying macaque models of brain damage can facilitate the translation of findings to stroke patients.Brain damage related to hand functionality can greatly affect the quality of human life and is therefore an important area of study. Using H 2 15 O-positron emission tomography (PET) scans in macaque monkeys, we previously showe...