“…Estimating Equation requires a measure of the unobserved long‐run values of government spending and output. One approach would be to use a dynamic equation and run the regression in first difference (as in Lane, ; Thornton, ; Lledó, Yackovlev & Gadenne, ), with the lagged values of government spending or using the growth rate of the different variables. This formulation yields Equation , which we adopt as our baseline model: and denote growth in spending and output, respectively.…”