A Tale of Three Cities: Blacks and Immigrants in Philadelphia: 1850-1880, 1930 and 1970

Hershberg, Theodore; Burstein, Alan N.; Ericksen, Eugene P.; Greenberg, Stephanie; Yancey, William L.

doi:10.1177/000271627944100106

Cited by 45 publications

(41 citation statements)

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“…For example, the core of Detroit's Black neighborhoods is not a traditional heavy industrial area (65). In Philadelphia, Blacks initially settled in newly undesirable former streetcar suburbs (that had become part of the city) rather in the more industrial south side (66,67). On the other hand, maybe the metropolitan areas with high percentages of manufacturing employment represent a subset of older, more polluted cities with highly ghettoized populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segregation and black/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990.

Lopez

2002

Environ Health Perspect

116

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Environmental Justice I examined non-Hispanic Black and non-Hispanic White differences in exposure to noncriteria air pollutants in 44 U.S. Census Bureau-defined metropolitan areas with populations greater than one million, using data on air toxics concentrations prepared for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency as part of its Cumulative Exposure Project combined with U.S. census data. I measured differences in exposure to air toxics through the calculation of a net difference score, which is a statistical measure used in income inequality analysis to measure inequality over the whole range of exposures. The scores ranged from 11.52 to 83.60. In every metropolitan area, non-Hispanic Blacks are more likely than non-Hispanic Whites to be living in tracts with higher total modeled air toxics concentrations. To assess potential reasons for such a wide variation in exposure differences, I performed a multiple regression analysis with the net difference score as the dependent variable. Independent variables initially included were as follows: the dissimilarity index (to measure segregation), Black poverty/White poverty (to control for Black/White economic differences), population density and percentage of persons traveling to work who drive to work (alone and in car pools), and percentage of workforce employed in manufacturing (factors affecting air quality). After an initial analysis I eliminated from the model the measures of density and the persons driving to work because they were statistically insignificant, they did not add to

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Segregation and black/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990.

Lopez

2002

Environ Health Perspect

116

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“…The Philadelphia Social History Project (Hershberg et al 1979) provides the most consistent time series documentation of black segregation, tabulating data for very small areas in 1850, 1880, and 1900, and aggregating these data to match comparably-bounded census tract areas in 1930 and 1970. The black-white Index of Dissimilarity (D) at this scale was .47 in 1850, rising to .52 in 1880.…”

Section: Spatial Scale Of Segregationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergent Ghettos: Black Neighborhoods in New York and Chicago, 1880–1940

Logan

Zhang

Chunyu

2015

American Journal of Sociology

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This study studies in detail the settlement patterns of blacks in the urban North from before the Great Migration and through 1940, focusing on the cases of New York and Chicago. It relies on new and rarely used data sources, including census geocoded microdata from the 1880 census (allowing segregation patterns and processes to be studied at any geographic scale) and census data for 1900–1940 aggregated to enumeration districts (EDs). It is shown that blacks were unusually highly isolated in 1880 given their small share of the total population and that segregation reached high levels in both cities earlier than previously reported. Regarding sources of racial separation, neither higher class standing nor Northern birth had much effect on whether blacks lived within or outside black neighborhoods in 1880 or 1940, and it is concluded that the processes that created large black ghettos were already in place several decades before 1940.

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“…For example, early in the century blacks in northern cities were less segregated than some immigrant groups (Lieberson 1963;Hershberg et al 1979;White et al 1994). However, as a flood of black southern migrants into the North after 1920 swelled the size of the urban black population, the residential fortunes of African Americans quickly deteriorated (Lieberson 1980;Massey and Denton 1993).…”

Section: Backc R O U N D Th Eory and Hy Poth Esesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neighborhood Disadvantage Among Racial and Ethnic Groups: Residential Location in 1970 and 1980

Adelman

Tsao

Tolnay

et al. 2001

The Sociological Quarterly

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We compare the neighborhood characteristics of native-and foreign-born blacks, whites, Hispanics, and Asians in 1970 and 1980. We broaden the locational attainment literature by emphasizing three contrasts: between black and nonblack groups, between native black and nonblack immigrant groups, and among black groups. Consistent with previous evidence, we find a clear spatial disadvantage for black groups relative to nonblack groups, and for native blacks compared to nonblack immigrant groups, in both years. However, our study reveals a slight advantage for foreign nonHispanic blacks (e.g., Afro-Caribbean immigrants) among the black groups througho u t the time period. Our results break new ground by extending the analysis of racial and ethnic variation in residential attainment back to 1970. providing an earlier benchmark against which current patterns of residential attainment can be compared.The United States has experienced several distinct periods of immigration throughout the twentieth century (Alba 1990;Portes and Rumbaut 1996;Waldinger 1996). From European newcomers near the beginning of the century to the current period of predominantly Asian and Latin American immigration, the United States has remained a popular destination for international migrants. Historically, newcomers to the United States have surpassed relatively quickly African Americans on most dimensions of social and economic well-being. For example, Stanley Lieberson (19S0, p. 2) summaDirect all correspondence to Robert M. Adelman,

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A Tale of Three Cities: Blacks and Immigrants in Philadelphia: 1850-1880, 1930 and 1970

Cited by 45 publications

References 0 publications

Segregation and black/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990.

Segregation and black/white differences in exposure to air toxics in 1990.

Emergent Ghettos: Black Neighborhoods in New York and Chicago, 1880–1940

Neighborhood Disadvantage Among Racial and Ethnic Groups: Residential Location in 1970 and 1980

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