A Tale of Two Sisters: The Southerner Pinna rudis Is Getting North after the Regional Extinction of the Congeneric P. nobilis (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

Abstract

In the Mediterranean Sea, the bivalve genus Pinna is represented by two species: the endemic Pinna nobilis and the (sub)tropical Atlantic Pinna rudis. P. rudis is generally less common and mostly restricted to the warmer regions of the western Mediterranean. However, since a mass mortality event, caused by a pathogen infection, has brought P. nobilis to the brink of extinction, records of P. rudis have increased in several Mediterranean regions, where it had not been previously observed. This paper reports on the presence of several P. rudis individuals in the Ligurian Sea, the northernmost reach of this species in the western Mediterranean. P. rudis has become increasingly common between 2021 and 2023, with a total of 28 new records from seven localities along the Ligurian coast. The size of the individuals and their estimated growth rate (3.6 cm·a−1) indicated that a recruitment event most likely took place in summer 2020, when P. nobilis was no longer present in the area. Our observations suggest that the recruitment success of P. rudis increased following the decline of P. nobilis. However, considering the thermophilic nature of P. rudis, in all likelihood, the ongoing water warming is playing a crucial role in the successful establishment of this species in the Ligurian Sea. A full understanding of the recent range expansion of P. rudis in the Mediterranean is far from being achieved, and whether P. rudis will be able to fulfil the ecological role of P. nobilis is difficult to predict. Large scale monitoring remains the only effective way to know about the future of Pinnids in the Mediterranean Sea.

The Changing Biogeography of the Ligurian Sea: Seawater Warming and Further Records of Southern Species

“…Primary productivity alteration [181], together with other dysfunctions [182] and disturbances [183], have heavily impacted the Ligurian Sea biota [28]. Climate-related microbial diseases [184], in particular, have possibly led the iconic fan mussel Pinna nobilis (Linnaeus 1758) to extinction [185,186]; the warm-water congeneric Pinna rudis (Linnaeus 1758), hitherto never recorded in the Ligurian Sea, is apparently taking its place [187]. There is evidence that southerners can drive native species to extinction [188].…”

The Queen Is Dead, Long Live the Queen: The Vanishing of Pinna nobilis and the Onset of the Congeneric P. rudis (Mollusca: Bivalvia)

“…That is why the collection of empty shells is still prohibited and subject to heavy fines. Concurrent to the quite complete vanishing of P. nobilis, the sightings of P. rudis are increasing, mentioned both in the scientific literature [8,25,26] and on social media, suggesting that this species could benefit from the disappearance of its sister species, also colonizing habitats that were originally exclusive to P. nobilis.…”

The Queen Is Dead, Long Live the Queen: The Vanishing of <em>Pinna nobilis </em>and the Onset of the Congeneric<em> P. rudis </em>(Mollusca: Bivalvia)

“…That is why the collection of empty shells is still prohibited and subject to heavy fines. Concurrent to the quite complete vanishing of P. nobilis, the sightings of P. rudis are increasing, mentioned both in scientific literature [8,22,23] and social media, suggesting that this species could benefit from the disappearance of its sister, also colonizing habitats that in origin were exclusive of P. nobilis.…”