A taxonomy of blockchain consensus protocols: A survey and classification framework

Cyber-physical systems and the Internet of things (IoT) are becoming an integral part of the digital society. The use of IoT services improves human life in many ways. Protection against cyber threats is an utmost important prospect of IoT devices operation. Malicious activities lead to confidential data leakage and incorrect performance of devices becomes critical. Therefore, development of effective solutions that can protect both IoT devices data and data exchange networks turns in to a real challenge. This study provides a critical analysis of the feasibility of using blockchain technology to protect constrained IoT devices data, justifies the choice of Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm for implementation on such devices, and simulates the main distributed ledger scenarios using PBFT. In this paper we investigate typical IoT network scenarios that can disrupt system performance. To ensure the adequacy of the models under study, we have analyzed the characteristics of real constrained IoT devices in terms of computing power and data rate. The simulation results demonstrate efficiency of the blockchain technology for constrained devices and make it possible to evaluate applicability limits of the chosen consensus algorithm.

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“…Review papers detailing the state of the art in the development of consensus mechanisms can be found in [48][49][50].…”

Section: F Other Consensus Algorithmsmentioning

confidence: 99%

On Performance of PBFT Blockchain Consensus Algorithm for IoT-Applications With Constrained Devices

et al. 2021

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“…Proposals on this layer refer to fundamental alterations to the design of the blockchain system under consideration. A change in the consensus mechanism [18], [19], like the case of Ethereum 2.0 replacing Proof of Work with Proof of Stake, can measurably improve scalability, but changes of this scale are risky and difficult to implement and enforce. Moreover, the alternative consensus mechanisms may come with compromises with respect to security or decentralization.…”

Section: ) Layermentioning

confidence: 99%

Blockchain State Channels: A State of the Art

Negka

Σπαθούλας²

2021

IEEE Access

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Blockchain technology has been quite popular during recent years and it finally seems to present a significant rise with respect to its use for real-world applications. This advancement has brought up a critical challenge that public blockchain systems face, which is scalability. Most of the currently deployed systems fail to cope with increasing usage. In order to provide the promised security guarantees, large delays and high usage fees are imposed for submitted transactions and thus widespread adoption of the technology is hindered. A number of different approaches have been proposed to increase the capacity of blockchain systems with respect to processing transactions. The present survey focuses on one of the most popular ones, that of state channels, and to the extent of our knowledge constitutes the first collective survey of research in this field. An extensive analysis of relevant publications is conducted and a general view on the domain is provided. We have identified the limitations discussed through all relevant research efforts along with the various features that differentiate proposed designs. A comparison between retrieved papers is carried out on the basis of those limitations and features. Finally, future research directions are analysed while the role of state channels in the general public blockchain ecosystem is also discussed.

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“…Other mentionable consensus algorithms available in the literature include Delegated Proof of stake [81], Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance [82], Hybrid Consensus [83], Proof of Authority [84], Proof of Capacity [85], Proof of Participation [86]. Surveys comparing consensus algorithms are available in [19], [20], [61], [53], and [73]. We recommend analyzing these algorithms in future works.…”

Section: Proof Of Work (Pow)mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Analysis of Scalability Issues within Blockchain-based Solutions in the Internet of Things

Alrehaili¹,

Namoun²,

Tufail³

2021

IJACSA

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Recently, enormous interest has been shown by both academia and industry around concepts and techniques related to connecting heterogeneous IoT devices. It is now considered a rapidly evolving technology with billions of IoT devices expected to be deployed in the upcoming years around the globe. These devices must be maintained, managed, traced, and secured in a timely and flexible manner. Previously, the centralized approaches constituted mainstream solutions to handle the ever-increasing number of connected IoT devices. However, these approaches may be inadequate to handle devices at a massive scale. Blockchain as a distributed approach that presents a promising solution to tackle the concerns of IoT devices connectivity. However, current Blockchain platforms face several scalability issues to accommodate diverse IoT devices without losing efficiency. This paper performs a comprehensive analysis of the recent blockchain-based scalability solutions applied to the Internet of Things domain. We propose an evaluation framework of scalability in IoT environments, encompassing critical criteria like throughput, latency, and block size. Moreover, we conduct an assessment of the notable scalability solutions and conclude the results by highlighting six overarching scalability issues of blockchain-based solutions in IoT that ought to be resolved by the industry and research community.

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A taxonomy of blockchain consensus protocols: A survey and classification framework

Cited by 118 publications

References 24 publications

On Performance of PBFT Blockchain Consensus Algorithm for IoT-Applications With Constrained Devices

On Performance of PBFT Blockchain Consensus Algorithm for IoT-Applications With Constrained Devices

Blockchain State Channels: A State of the Art

A Comparative Analysis of Scalability Issues within Blockchain-based Solutions in the Internet of Things

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