A taxonomy of emotional disturbances.

Berenbaum, Howard; Raghavan, Chitra; Le, Huynh Nhu; Vernon, Laura L.; Gomez, Jose J.

doi:10.1093/clipsy.bpg011

Cited by 120 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 144 publications

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“…A person pursuing a purpose may often find obstacles to purpose-consistent behaviors. In those situations, remaining task focused, thinking about how to overcome the obstacles leads to successful pursuit of that purpose (S. C. Hayes, Luoma, Bond, Masuda, & Lillis, 2006;Segerstrom, 2005); emotional instability interferes with goal pursuit (Berenbaum, Raghavan, Le, Vernon, & Gomez, 2003;Johnson, 2005;Linehan, Bohus, & Lynch, 2007). The expression "grace under pressure" serves as the best exemplar of our point.…”

Section: Purpose In Emotion Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purpose in Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory

McKnight

Kashdan

2009

Review of General Psychology

685

544

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Purpose-a cognitive process that defines life goals and provides personal meaning-may help explain disparate empirical social science findings. Devoting effort and making progress toward life goals provides a significant, renewable source of engagement and meaning. Purpose offers a testable, causal system that synthesizes outcomes including life expectancy, satisfaction, and mental and physical health. These outcomes may be explained best by considering the motivation of the individual-a motivation that comes from having a purpose. We provide a detailed definition with specific hypotheses derived from a synthesis of relevant findings from social, behavioral, biological, and cognitive literatures. To illustrate the uniqueness of the purpose model, we compared purpose with competing contemporary models that offer similar predictions. Addressing the structural features unique to purpose opens opportunities to build upon existing causal models of "how and why" health and well-being develop and change over time.What do volunteer services, social support, pet care, and religious attendance have in common? Recent studies indicate that people participating in these activities live longer than those who do not. Volunteers had a 60% lower mortality rate compared with nonvolunteers (Oman, Thoresen, & McMahon, 1999). Providers of social support had a 50% lower mortality rate than those who neither received nor provided social support (S. Brown, Nesse, Vinokur, & Smith, 2003). Hypertensive people who owned pets had lower blood pressure and lived longer, as compared with non-pet owners (Allen, Shykoff, & Izzo, 2001). Finally, frequent religious service attendees had longer lifespans compared with nonattendees or infrequent attendees (Strawbridge, Cohen, Shema, & Kaplan, 1997). What these findings have in common appears to be longevity; however, purpose may link these behaviors. We hypothesize that purpose leads to longer life span, fewer health care problems, and greater life satisfaction. Purpose, from our perspective, is not something merely to attain, but rather is an important predictive variable of physical health and mental health. Furthermore, our conceptualization of purpose does not rule out other routes to healthy living. However, when present, purpose is central to a person's life narrative. Neglecting its presence can lead to erroneous conclusions about "how" and "why" people behave as they do. What Is Purpose?Purpose is a central, self-organizing life aim that organizes and stimulates goals, manages behaviors, and provides a sense of meaning. Purpose directs life goals and daily decisions by guiding the use of finite personal resources. Instead of governing behavior, purpose offers direction just as a compass offers direction to a navigator; following that compass (i.e., purpose) is optional. Living in accord with one's purpose, however, offers that person a self-sustaining source of meaning through goal pursuit and goal attainment. Furthermore, purpose is woven into a person's identity and behavior as a central,...

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Section: Purpose In Emotion Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Purpose in Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory

McKnight

Kashdan

2009

Review of General Psychology

685

544

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“…In recent decades there has been increased interest in affective phenomena in psychopathology and emotion-regulatory strategies incorporated into psychopathology models [6][7][8][9][10] . Emotion regulation is defined as a mixture of conscious and unconscious processes by which individuals modulate their emotions to appropriately respond to environmental stress [1,[11][12][13][14][15] .…”

Section: Conceptual Foundation Emotion Regulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interpersonal distances, coping strategies and psychopathology in patients with depression and schizophrenia

Ponizovsky

Finkelstein²,

Poliakova³

et al. 2013

WJP

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AIM:To explore (1) intergroup differences in comfortable interpersonal distances (CIDs) and the use of coping strategies; (2) the association of these parameters with individual symptomatology; and (3) the interplay between CIDs and coping styles in patients with depression and schizophrenia. METHODS:The parameters of interest were assessed by means of standardized questionnaires: CID and Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations. Psychopathology was evaluated with the Beck Depression Inventory and Positive and Negative Syndromes Scale. ANOVA, Pearson's correlations and multiple regression analyses were used to examine relationships among the variables. RESULTS:Compared with controls, depressed patients were more distanced from family members, significant others and self-images, whereas patients with schizophrenia were less distanced from neutral and threatrelated stimuli. Distancing from self-images was mostly associated with depression severity in depressed patients, whereas distancing from hostile and threat-related stimuli with the severity of psychotic and affective symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Both patient groups used more emotion-oriented than task-oriented and avoidance-oriented coping strategies. Self-distancing among patients with schizophrenia was positively associated with the use of the social diversion coping, implying social support seeking. CONCLUSION:Patients with depression and schizophrenia use different maladaptive emotion -regulation strategies to cope with their symptoms and related distress. Training in stress management might provide these patients with skills for more effective emotion regulation.© 2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.Key words: Interpersonal distance; Coping strategies; Psychopathology; Depression; Schizophrenia Core tip: This paper takes a unique approach by investigating two emotion-regulation strategies, interpersonal distancing and coping with stress, in patients diagnosed with both adjustment disorder with depression and schizophrenia, and the relationships of these strategies to symptomatology of the disorders. The findings generally supported the hypotheses that the patient groups would display greater interpersonal distances from both positively and negatively valenced stimuli, and greater use of emotion-focused coping than controls. The findings suggest that patients with depression and schizophrenia use different maladaptive emotion-regulation BRIEF ARTICLE

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“…Being aware of and clear about one's emotions is generally presumed to be adaptive (e.g., Berenbaum, Raghavan, Le, Vernon, & Gomez, 2003;Gohm & Clore, 2002). One adaptive function of emotions is that they help the individual to accurately make sense of the world and provide meaning.…”

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confidence: 99%

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

Boden

Berenbaum

2007

Cognition & Emotion

Self Cite

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We investigated the causal relation between emotional awareness (EA) and suspiciousness, and whether this relation is moderated by gender. After inducing an unpleasant mood, we manipulated EA by having participants read one of two versions of a story (the high EA condition provided cues to what the participant was feeling and why, whereas the low EA condition did not). Following the manipulation, one sample of participants completed a measure of suspiciousness, and a second, independent sample of participants described their emotional state. Emotional Awareness Condition × Gender effects were obtained for suspiciousness and EA. Men in the low EA condition reported significantly higher levels of suspiciousness and lower levels of EA than men in the high EA condition. Women in both conditions reported equally high levels of EA, which were greater than those of men in both conditions, and the manipulation did not affect their levels of suspiciousness.There is broad consensus that emotions directly affect judgment, decision making, and information processing (Clore, Gasper, & Garvin, 2001;Gasper & Clore, 2000;Kahneman & Ritov, 1994;Lowenstein, Weber, Hsee, & Welch, 2001). Thus, it should come as no surprise that theorists have long posited a relation between emotions and delusional and peculiar beliefs (e.g., Kraepelin, 1899Kraepelin, /1989. In fact, unpleasant emotions are primary components of several contemporary models of delusions, including persecutory delusions (e.g., Freeman, Garety, Kuipers, Fowler, & Bebbington, 2002;Zigler & Glick, 1988). In support of these theories and models, empirical research examining clinical populations has found a relation between persecutory delusions and unpleasant emotions such as depression, fear, worry, and anger (e.g., Freeman & Garety, 1999;Kennedy, Kemp, & Dyer, 1992). Similarly, several studies conducted with non-clinical populations have also found a relation between suspiciousness (which we distinguish from paranoia as being of less than delusional severity), and unpleasant emotions, such as general unhappiness, depression, anger, and social anxiety (e.g., Martin & Penn, 2001;Rawlings & Freeman, 1996).That there is an association between suspiciousness/paranoia and increased levels of unpleasant affect is not in doubt. However, the experience of unpleasant affect may be only one of several facets of emotional experience that contribute to the development and maintenance of suspiciousness/paranoia. Models of paranoia have typically focused on excesses of unpleasant affect as a causal factor. We posit that emotional awareness (EA) is a second facet of emotional © 2007 Psychology PressCorrespondence should be addressed to: M. Tyler Boden, Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 603 E. Daniel Street, Champaign, IL 61821, USA. mboden@s.psych.uiuc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: Full terms and conditions of use: http://www.informaworld.com/terms-and-conditions-of-access.pdf This article maybe used for research, teaching and private study pu...

show abstract

A taxonomy of emotional disturbances.

Cited by 120 publications

References 144 publications

Purpose in Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory

Purpose in Life as a System that Creates and Sustains Health and Well-Being: An Integrative, Testable Theory

Interpersonal distances, coping strategies and psychopathology in patients with depression and schizophrenia

Emotional awareness, gender, and suspiciousness

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