Modernizing workstations for air traffic controllers is a challenge: designers must increase efficiency without affecting safety in any way. Air traffic control is a time-intensive and safety-critical activity, and thus interaction efficiency and low error rates are crucial. Classical interaction techniques have been used in prototype workstations, but the resulting efficiency is not always satisfactory. This leads designers to consider more advanced interaction techniques. This paper reports on the design and a preliminary evaluation of the first prototype of project IMAGINE, which represents the second generation of graphical interfaces for air traffic control. This prototype, GRIGRI, uses a high resolution touch screen and provides mark based input through the screen. The use of gestures, as well as the use of multi-modal techniques, make interaction faster, and closer to the controllers' habits.Air Traffic Control Quarterly, Vol 3(4), pp. 205-228 (1995) 2
INTRODUCTIONDuring the 80s, a number of modern countries including France have decided to modernize their air traffic control working positions. Their goal was usually twofold: replacing obsolete equipment was a good opportunity for improving the productivity of controllers, through the use of state-of-the-art hardware and software. The hopes of many specialists were that artificial intelligence or other software techniques would help alleviate the controller's workload, through conflict resolution tools for instance. User interfaces were seen as a more technical issue, mainly related to the number and the complexity of the pieces of information to be displayed. Screen size and the use of colour to code information were the most obvious issues, and the design of electronic flight strips was the next challenge. With the advent of the Macintosh in 1983, graphical interaction looked very promising, and only needed to be adapted to air traffic control, with research on which pointing device was best suited.In France, these hopes led to the PHIDIAS project, launched in 1986. PHIDIAS is aimed at replacing the current en-route air traffic control workstations within the next few years, and it is now in its final development stage. It makes heavy use of classical interaction techniques, and most of its original features are to be found in its hardware or low-level software components. PHIDIAS provides a standard WIMP (windows, icon, mouse, pointer) interface on two screens, one of which is a square 20" wide Sony screen. A lot of work has been spent on identifying and solving the software issues raised by such a large screen, especially the management of many graphical objects moving independently. This work has lead to a workstation which offers good performances, and whose hardware and software architecture are undisputed. A consensus has been reached about the look of the radar image: a colour coding scheme has been adopted, and even the palette of colours is now being approved, after a study with ergonomists and vision specialists.If those technical issues ha...