“…in the key paper in hybrid imaging [1], a value of α = 90rad/2π ≈ 14λ is proposed and verified for defocus up to W 20 =30rad/2π ≈ 5λ), the corollary of a large α is a larger image error, ε . However, we show here that the optimal value of α is considerably smaller if it is possible to optimize the image-recovery kernel as for example suggested in [10]. For a maximum W 20 of 5λ, the optimal cubic phase-modulation has α ≈ 2.8λ, a five-fold reduction on the value proposed in [1], and a correspondingly higher imaging fidelity [12].…”
Section: Variation With Defocus Tolerancementioning
confidence: 89%
“…To extend the method to the non-linear image restoration techniques needed for large amounts of defocus [10], we approximate the algorithm here by the Wiener filter that minimizes the imaging error for the specific amount of aberration present. Although the amount of aberration is not always known a priori, it has been shown that at least for the cubic phase-modulation it can be readily estimated [10], eliminating the requirement for constancy of the OTF.…”
Section: Prediction Of Optimal Imaging Fidelitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although the amount of aberration is not always known a priori, it has been shown that at least for the cubic phase-modulation it can be readily estimated [10], eliminating the requirement for constancy of the OTF.…”
Section: Prediction Of Optimal Imaging Fidelitymentioning
A significantly increased defocus tolerance can be obtained by combining pupil phase-modulation with digital demodulation in a hybrid imaging system. Designing the optimal pupil phase-modulation is however not a trivial task. We show how hybrid imaging fidelity can be predicted and used to compare arbitrary phase-modulations. The evaluations of two anti-symmetric and a symmetric phase-modulation yield initial design values that can be used for the optimization of specific hybrid designs.
“…in the key paper in hybrid imaging [1], a value of α = 90rad/2π ≈ 14λ is proposed and verified for defocus up to W 20 =30rad/2π ≈ 5λ), the corollary of a large α is a larger image error, ε . However, we show here that the optimal value of α is considerably smaller if it is possible to optimize the image-recovery kernel as for example suggested in [10]. For a maximum W 20 of 5λ, the optimal cubic phase-modulation has α ≈ 2.8λ, a five-fold reduction on the value proposed in [1], and a correspondingly higher imaging fidelity [12].…”
Section: Variation With Defocus Tolerancementioning
confidence: 89%
“…To extend the method to the non-linear image restoration techniques needed for large amounts of defocus [10], we approximate the algorithm here by the Wiener filter that minimizes the imaging error for the specific amount of aberration present. Although the amount of aberration is not always known a priori, it has been shown that at least for the cubic phase-modulation it can be readily estimated [10], eliminating the requirement for constancy of the OTF.…”
Section: Prediction Of Optimal Imaging Fidelitymentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Although the amount of aberration is not always known a priori, it has been shown that at least for the cubic phase-modulation it can be readily estimated [10], eliminating the requirement for constancy of the OTF.…”
Section: Prediction Of Optimal Imaging Fidelitymentioning
A significantly increased defocus tolerance can be obtained by combining pupil phase-modulation with digital demodulation in a hybrid imaging system. Designing the optimal pupil phase-modulation is however not a trivial task. We show how hybrid imaging fidelity can be predicted and used to compare arbitrary phase-modulations. The evaluations of two anti-symmetric and a symmetric phase-modulation yield initial design values that can be used for the optimization of specific hybrid designs.
“…Optimizing α and β can maximize the SNR but requires more sophisticated image processing to avoid introducing imagerecovery artifacts (see Figure 1) that are associated with strong phase mismatches and weaker phase functions. 8,9 arrays. The image in Figure 3(a) shows an 8-12µm thermal image recorded with a simple meniscus lens.…”
Section: Transferring Complexity From Optics To Computation In Modernmentioning
“…However, inherent noise artifacts limit the potential of this technique. Moreover, additional complex and iterative manipulation of the phase mask is required [20], resulting in long exposure times which makes it unsuitable for application to biological specimens.…”
Dipping objectives were tested for multi-photon laser scanning microscopy, since their large working distances are advantageous for thick specimens and the absence of a coverslip facilitates examination of living material. Images of fluorescent bead specimens, particularly at wavelengths greater than 850 nm showed defects consistent with spherical aberration. Substituting methanol for water as the immersion medium surrounding the beads corrected these defects and produced an increase in fluorescence signal intensity. The same immersion method was applied to two representative biological samples of fixed tissue: mouse brain labeled with FITC for tubulin and mouse gut in which the Peyer’s patches were labeled with Texas Red bilosomes. Tissue morphology was well preserved by methanol immersion of both tissues; the two-photon-excited fluorescence signal was six times higher than in water and the depth of penetration of useful imaging was doubled. No modification of the microscope was needed except the provision of a ring to retain a sufficient depth of methanol for imaging.
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