A temporally and spatially resolved ammonia emission inventory for dairy cows in the United States

Pinder, R. W.; Strader, Ross; Davidson, Cliff I.; Adams, P. J.

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.04.008

Cited by 75 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The seasonal variation of anthropogenic emissions is important for many compounds (e.g. ammonia) especially for those for which the phase partitioning is temperature dependent (Pinder et al, 2004;De Meij et al, 2006). In this work, we take advantage of the stateof-the-art emissions inventory EDGAR-Climate Change and Impact Research (CIRCE), which provides emissions on a high spatial (0.1 × 0.1 • ) and temporal (monthly) resolution, together with a recently developed aerosol scheme implemented within the EMAC model (Pringle et al, 2010a).…”

Section: A Pozzer Et Al: Aerosol Simulation With Emacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributions and regional budgets of aerosols and their precursors simulated with the EMAC chemistry-climate model

et al. 2012

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Abstract.The new global anthropogenic emission inventory (EDGAR-CIRCE) of gas and aerosol pollutants has been incorporated in the chemistry general circulation model EMAC (ECHAM5/MESSy Atmospheric Chemistry). A relatively high horizontal resolution simulation is performed for the years [2005][2006][2007][2008] to evaluate the capability of the model and the emissions to reproduce observed aerosol concentrations and aerosol optical depth (AOD) values. Model output is compared with observations from different measurement networks (CASTNET, EMEP and EANET) and AODs from remote sensing instruments (MODIS and MISR). A good spatial agreement of the distribution of sulfate and ammonium aerosol is found when compared to observations, while calculated nitrate aerosol concentrations show some discrepancies. The simulated temporal development of the inorganic aerosols is in line with measurements of sulfate and nitrate aerosol, while for ammonium aerosol some deviations from observations occur over the USA, due to the wrong temporal distribution of ammonia gas emissions. The calculated AODs agree well with the satellite observations in most regions, while negative biases are found for the equatorial area and in the dust outflow regions (i.e. Central Atlantic and Northern Indian Ocean), due to an underestimation of biomass burning and aeolian dust emissions, respectively. Aerosols and precursors budgets for five different regions (North America, Europe, East Asia, Central Africa and South America) are calculated. Over East-Asia most of the emitted aerosols (precursors) are also deposited within the region, while in North America and Europe transport plays a larger role. Further, it is shown that a simulation with monthly varying anthropogenic emissions typically improves the temporal correlation by 5-10 % compared to one with constant annual emissions.

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Section: A Pozzer Et Al: Aerosol Simulation With Emacmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distributions and regional budgets of aerosols and their precursors simulated with the EMAC chemistry-climate model

et al. 2012

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“…The majority of urinary N is in the form of urea, which is hydrolysed by faecal urease to NH 3 . About 25% of dairy manure N is lost as NH 3 under current US practices (Pinder et al, 2004), contributing to the total annual NH 3 re-deposition rates of 23 to 40 kg of N per ha (Burkart and James, 1999). Studies that compared crop and livestock production indicated that the efficiency of N use for cereal production was 54%, whereas in the dairy system the efficiency of N use was only 28% (Domburg et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep

Getachew¹,

Pittroff

DePeters

et al. 2008

Animal

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Alfalfa protein is poorly utilised by ruminants due to its rapid degradation in rumen. The objective of the study was to assess the influence of spraying tannic acid (TA) on chopped alfalfa hay on in vitro rumen fermentation and nitrogen (N) retention by sheep. Alfalfa hay with and without TA was fed to sheep to determine nutrient digestibility and N balance. TA was sprayed on chopped alfalfa at three concentrations to determine its effect on in vitro fermentation of dry matter (DM) and N balance in sheep. Final TA concentrations were 0, 30, 60 and 90 g TA per kg DM. The control was sprayed with the same amount of water but without TA. In vitro DM degradation and the production of gas, ammonium-N (NH 4 -N) and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) were measured. TA-sprayed alfalfa and the control were fed to sheep to determine nutrient digestibility and N retention. Addition of TA had no influence on the extent and rate of gas production but significantly decreased NH 4 -N concentration at 30 (P , 0.05), 60 and 90 (P , 0.0001) g/kg DM. Addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to TA-sprayed alfalfa increased NH 4 -N to a level comparable to non-TA-sprayed alfalfa. Spraying of alfalfa with TA significantly decreased (P , 0.05) isovalerate but did not affect the total and individual SCFA acid production. Tannic acid significantly (P , 0.05) reduced in vitro true degradability of DM (IVTD) after 24 h incubation at levels of 60 and 90 g TA per kg DM. Neutral-detergent fibre digestibility (dNDF) after 24 h (P , 0.01), 60 and 90 (P , 0.0001) g TA per kg DM. The effect of TA on either IVTD or dNDF was not significant (P . 0.05) after 48 h of incubation. There was a strong linear relationship between percentage increase in gas production due to PEG and protein precipitation capacity (R 2 5 0.94). N digestibility was significantly reduced with all three levels of TA additions. However, the proportion of urine-N to total N output was reduced by adding 60 g (P , 0.05) and 90 g (P , 0.01) TA per kg DM. Serum metabolites and liver enzymes were not affected by TA (P . 0.05). Higher faecal N as the TA level increased indicates incomplete dissociation of tannin-protein complexes post ruminally. Factors affecting dissociation of tannin-protein complexes need further study.

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“…Secondary particles are largely composed of sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and secondary organic aerosols (SOA). The inorganic secondary aerosols are formed in the atmosphere from the oxidation of gas-phase precursors such as sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) (Seinfeld and Pandis, 1998), nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NO x ) (Pinder et al, 2004). By comparison, SOA formation mechanisms have not been fully understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Atmospheric Processes Influencing Aerosols Generated by Combustion and the Inference of Their Impact on Public Exposure: A Review

Ning

Sioutas

2010

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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Combustion-generated aerosols, especially emissions of heavy and light duty vehicles, are the dominant contributors of ambient particulate matter (PM) in urban environments. This paper reviews the atmospheric processes (such as dilution, nucleation, condensation and coagulation) that dominate the dynamics of combustion aerosols following their emission, with a particular emphasis on PM from mobile sources. Atmospheric dilution affects the dynamic behavior of aerosols by shifting the gas-particle partitioning of the semi-volatile component of these aerosols. Our paper discusses the roles of dilution in changing the physico-chemical properties of the ambient aerosols, such as particle size distribution and number concentration, and the degree to which it affects non-labile and semi-volatile PM components. This information is complemented with a discussion of secondary aerosol formation from atmospheric photochemical reactions that involve precursors emitted from traffic sources. Special focus is devoted to the role of gas-phase vapors formed from the evaporation of the semi-volatile fraction of aerosols during dilution. Adding to the common recognition that volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are the major gaseous precursors, these vapors also actively participate in photochemical reactions and contribute to the formation of secondary aerosols. Following this discussion, we review recent findings that link PM semi-volatile components and their redox activity, and we discuss the influence and importance of PM volatility on particle toxicity. Lastly, this paper discusses possible metrics to regulate PM emissions and establish ambient air quality standards that are pertinent to public health, and suggests future investigations aimed to improve our current understanding of the adverse health effects of population exposure to combustion-generated aerosols.

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A temporally and spatially resolved ammonia emission inventory for dairy cows in the United States

Cited by 75 publications

References 13 publications

Distributions and regional budgets of aerosols and their precursors simulated with the EMAC chemistry-climate model

Distributions and regional budgets of aerosols and their precursors simulated with the EMAC chemistry-climate model

Influence of tannic acid application on alfalfa hay: in vitro rumen fermentation, serum metabolites and nitrogen balance in sheep

Atmospheric Processes Influencing Aerosols Generated by Combustion and the Inference of Their Impact on Public Exposure: A Review

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