A test of the hypotheses that nitrogen is upgraded and recycled in an aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) symbiosis

Prosser, W.A.; Douglas, Angela E.

doi:10.1016/0022-1910(92)90037-e

Cited by 91 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Whether aposymbiotic aphids have the same nutritional requirements as the above plant-feeding larvae is unknown, but the values in Figure 3 could be a reasonable approximation. This is supported by the fact that; aposymbiotic aphids (Acyrthosiphon pisum) grow twice as fast on a synthetic diet with 50% essential amino acids than on a diet with only 20% essential amino acids, whereas growth of symbiotic aphids did not vary significantly with amino acid composition (Prosser & Douglas, 1992).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

How nutritionally imbalanced is phloem sap for aphids?

Sandström

Moran

1999

Entomologia Exp Applicata

141

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Aphids harbour intracellular symbionts (Buchnera) that provide their host with amino acids present in low amounts in their diet, phloem sap. To find out the extent to which aphids depend on their symbionts for synthesis of individual essential amino acids, we have evaluated how well phloem sap amino acid composition matches the aphids' needs. Amino acid compositions of the ingested phloem sap were compared to amino acids in aphid body proteins and also to available information about optimal diet composition for other plant feeding insects. Phloem sap data from severed stylets of two aphid species, Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding on wheat, and Uroleucon sonchi (L.) (Homoptera: Aphididae) feeding on Sonchus oleraceus (L.), together with published information on phloem sap compositions from other plant species were used.Phloem sap has in general only around 20% essential amino acids, with a range from 15-48%. Aphid body proteins and optimal diets for two other plant feeding insects have around 50%. The phloem sap of early flowering S. oleraceus ingested by U. sonchi contained 48%, which seems to be exceptional. Aphids feeding on different plants appear to be very differently dependent on their symbionts for their overall essential amino acid synthesis, due to the large variation in proportion of essential amino acids in phloem sap from different plants.The profile of the essential amino acids in phloem sap from different plant species corresponds rather well to profiles of both aphid body proteins and optimal diets determined for plant feeding insects. However, methionine and leucine in phloem sap are in general low in these comparisons, suggesting a higher dependence on the symbiont for synthesis of these amino acids. Concentrations of several essential amino acids in phloem from different plant species seem to vary together, suggesting that levels of symbiont provisioning of different amino acids are adjusted in parallel.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

How nutritionally imbalanced is phloem sap for aphids?

Sandström

Moran

1999

Entomologia Exp Applicata

141

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“…In experiment 1, the aphids were reared from birth to day 7 on the AP 3 (A. pisum diet 3) diet described by Febvay et al (14), either with the full complement of amino acids or lacking phenylalanine and tyrosine (the YF 0 diet). In experiment 2, aphids were reared from day 2 to day 7 on the diet described by Prosser and Douglas (24), with sucrose at 0.5 M or 1.0 M and amino acids at 0.15 M and with the EAA/non-EAA ratio at 1:1 or 1:3 in a two-by-two factorial design. Aphids were weighed individually on the day they reached adulthood (experiment 1) or day 7 (experiment 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Different Levels of Transcriptional Regulation Due to Trophic Constraints in the Reduced Genome of Buchnera aphidicola APS

Reymond

Calevro

Viñuelas

et al. 2006

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Symbiotic associations involving intracellular microorganisms and animals are widespread, especially for species feeding on poor or unbalanced diets. Buchnera aphidicola, the obligate intracellular bacterium associated with most aphid species, provides its hosts with essential amino acids (EAAs), nutrients in short supply in the plant phloem sap. The Buchnera genome has undergone severe reductions during intracellular evolution. Genes for EAA biosynthesis are conserved, but most of the transcriptional regulatory elements are lost. This work addresses two main questions: is transcription in Buchnera (i) regulated and (ii) scaled to aphid EAA demand? Two microarray experiments were designed for profiling the gene expression in Buchnera. The first one was characterized by a specific depletion of tyrosine and phenylalanine in the aphid diet, and the second experiment combined a global diminution of EAAs in the aphid diet with a sucrose concentration increase to manipulate the aphid growth rate. Aphid biological performance and budget analysis (the balance between EAAs provided by the diet and those synthesized by Buchnera) were performed to quantify the nutritional demand from the aphids toward their symbiotic bacteria. Despite the absence of known regulatory elements, a significant transcriptional regulation was observed at different levels of organization in the Buchnera genome: between genes, within putative transcription units, and within specific metabolic pathways. However, unambiguous evidence for transcriptional changes underpinning the scaling of EAA biosynthesis to aphid demand was not obtained. The phenotypic relevance of the transcriptional response from the reduced genome of Buchnera is addressed.

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“…Aphid artificial diet was adapted from Prosser and Douglas (1992). Five stock solutions were prepared as follows: Solution A, 4.1 mM FeCl 3 $6H 2 O, 1 mM CuCl 2 $4H 2 O, 2 mM MnCl 2 $6H 2 O, and 10.5 mM ZnSO 4 ; Solution B, 0.1 mM biotin, 4.2 mM pantothenate, 0.9 mM folic acid, 16 mM nicotinic acid, 2.4 mM pyridoxine, 1.5 mM thiamine, 72 mM choline, and 56 mM myo-inositol; Solution C, 11 mM Ala, 19 mM Arg, 29 mM Asn, 29 mM Asp, 5 mM Cys, 33 mM Gln, 17 mM Glu, 2.4 mM Gly, 17 mM His, 17 mM Ile, 17 mM Leu, 17 mM Lys, 5.7 mM Met, 5.7 mM Phe, 11 mM Pro, 11 mM Ser, 17 mM Thr, 5.7 mM Trp, 1.2 mM Tyr, and 17 mM Val; Solution D, 19 mM ascorbic acid, 1.7 mM citric acid, 8.1 mM MgSO 4 $7H 2 O, and 1660 mM Suc; and Solution E, 660 mM K 2 HPO 4 .…”

Section: Artificial Diet Assaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Variation in Maize Aphid Resistance Is Associated with 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-Methoxy-1,4-Benzoxazin-3-One Glucoside Methyltransferase Activity

et al. 2013

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Plants differ greatly in their susceptibility to insect herbivory, suggesting both local adaptation and resistance tradeoffs. We used maize (Zea mays) recombinant inbred lines to map a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the maize leaf aphid (Rhopalosiphum maidis) susceptibility to maize Chromosome 1. Phytochemical analysis revealed that the same locus was also associated with high levels of 2-hydroxy-4,7-dimethoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (HDMBOA-Glc) and low levels of 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one glucoside (DIMBOA-Glc). In vitro enzyme assays with candidate genes from the region of the QTL identified three O-methyltransferases (Bx10a-c) that convert DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc. Variation in HDMBOA-Glc production was attributed to a natural CACTA family transposon insertion that inactivates Bx10c in maize lines with low HDMBOA-Glc accumulation. When tested with a population of 26 diverse maize inbred lines, R. maidis produced more progeny on those with high HDMBOA-Glc and low DIMBOA-Glc. Although HDMBOA-Glc was more toxic to R. maidis than DIMBOA-Glc in vitro, BX10c activity and the resulting decline of DIMBOA-Glc upon methylation to HDMBOA-Glc were associated with reduced callose deposition as an aphid defense response in vivo. Thus, a natural transposon insertion appears to mediate an ecologically relevant trade-off between the direct toxicity and defense-inducing properties of maize benzoxazinoids.

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A test of the hypotheses that nitrogen is upgraded and recycled in an aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) symbiosis

Cited by 91 publications

References 17 publications

How nutritionally imbalanced is phloem sap for aphids?

How nutritionally imbalanced is phloem sap for aphids?

Different Levels of Transcriptional Regulation Due to Trophic Constraints in the Reduced Genome of Buchnera aphidicola APS

Natural Variation in Maize Aphid Resistance Is Associated with 2,4-Dihydroxy-7-Methoxy-1,4-Benzoxazin-3-One Glucoside Methyltransferase Activity

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