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Asperities within pre-existing fractures of coals can experience local damage during the fracture closure due to external loading. Previous research postulates that this local asperity damage can lead to strain rate-dependency without causing permanent deformation to the bulk of the coal specimens. This study aims to comprehensively investigate this behavior by developing a theoretical model that characterizes the strain rate-dependency driven by fracture asperity damage in coal. To achieve this objective, an initial series of micro-scale mechanical tests are conducted on joint specimens to establish a model for effective stress acting on asperities. Building upon this model, a theoretical foundation is further developed to describe the strain rate-dependent asperity damage evolution and resulting energy dissipation. These frameworks are subsequently incorporated into elasticity and damage mechanics to capture the strain rate-dependent stress–strain relationships. To validate the proposed model across multiple scales, additional triaxial tests on core-scale specimen and micro-scale mechanical tests on joint specimens are performed. The experimentally measured strain rate-dependency aligns well with the predictions of the proposed model, indicating a successful development of a robust model. The results of the model developed in this study reveal that the strain rate-dependency in fractured coals is governed by several factors, including asperity damage, mechanical properties of the coal specimens and effective stress acting on asperities of pre-existing fractures within the bulk of coal. Moreover, it is shown that the effective stress acting on asperities is significantly affected by both applied normal stress and joint roughness coefficient (JRC). The insights derived from this study demonstrate that the strain rate-dependency induced by micro-scale asperity damage of pre-existing fractures leads to observable strain rate-dependency in bulk specimens at core-scale and the proposed model can adequately capture this behavior.
Asperities within pre-existing fractures of coals can experience local damage during the fracture closure due to external loading. Previous research postulates that this local asperity damage can lead to strain rate-dependency without causing permanent deformation to the bulk of the coal specimens. This study aims to comprehensively investigate this behavior by developing a theoretical model that characterizes the strain rate-dependency driven by fracture asperity damage in coal. To achieve this objective, an initial series of micro-scale mechanical tests are conducted on joint specimens to establish a model for effective stress acting on asperities. Building upon this model, a theoretical foundation is further developed to describe the strain rate-dependent asperity damage evolution and resulting energy dissipation. These frameworks are subsequently incorporated into elasticity and damage mechanics to capture the strain rate-dependent stress–strain relationships. To validate the proposed model across multiple scales, additional triaxial tests on core-scale specimen and micro-scale mechanical tests on joint specimens are performed. The experimentally measured strain rate-dependency aligns well with the predictions of the proposed model, indicating a successful development of a robust model. The results of the model developed in this study reveal that the strain rate-dependency in fractured coals is governed by several factors, including asperity damage, mechanical properties of the coal specimens and effective stress acting on asperities of pre-existing fractures within the bulk of coal. Moreover, it is shown that the effective stress acting on asperities is significantly affected by both applied normal stress and joint roughness coefficient (JRC). The insights derived from this study demonstrate that the strain rate-dependency induced by micro-scale asperity damage of pre-existing fractures leads to observable strain rate-dependency in bulk specimens at core-scale and the proposed model can adequately capture this behavior.
The paper presents a strength-failure mechanism for colloidal detachment by breakage and permeability decline in reservoir rocks. The current theory for permeability decline due to colloidal detachment, including microscale mobilisation mechanisms, mathematical and laboratory modelling, and upscaling to natural reservoirs, is developed only for detrital particles with detachment that occurs against electrostatic attraction. We establish a theory for detachment of widely spread authigenic particles due to breakage of the particle-rock bonds, by integrating beam theory of particle deformation, failure criteria, and creeping flow. Explicit expressions for stress maxima in the beam yield a graphical technique to determine the failure regime. The core-scale model for fines detachment by breakage has a form of maximum retention concentration of the fines, expressing rock capacity to produce breakable fines. This closes the governing system for authigenic fines transport in rocks. Matching of the lab coreflood data by the analytical model for 1D flow exhibits two-population particle behaviour, attributed to simultaneous detachment and migration of authigenic and detrital fines. High agreement between the laboratory and modelling data for 16 corefloods validates the theory. The work is concluded by geo-energy applications to (i) clay breakage in geological faults, (ii) typical reservoir conditions for kaolinite breakage, (iii) well productivity damage due to authigenic fines migration, and (iv) feasibility of fines breakage in various geo-energy extraction technologies.
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